皮膚のためのヒアルロン酸の使用は何ですか?

Many skでscientists have shown a growing interest でヒアルロン酸, as the 肌is an important reservoir of hyaluronic 酸とan essential component of the extracellular mesenchyme (ECM), which plays an important role in the maintenance of the skin's morphology, structure とfunction. There are at least three English names for hyaluronic 酸[1. 2]: Hyaluronan, Hyaluronan, Hyaluronan, とHyaluronan. 2]: hyaluronan, hyaluronicacid, hyaluronate. glucuronic acid, isolated from the vitreous body of the cowގ年のeyeは、ヒアルロン酸を含むことが発見された最初のグリコシドであった[2]。

Hyaluronic acid has good moisturising properties in Hindi, where it is used as a carrier for medicines, and skin care is closely linked to the pharmacological action of drugs [3]. Hyaluronic acid also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many dermatological diseases4], as it is a natural macromolecule with the ability to retain water and moisturise the skin, and is widely used in cosmetics.

1 .ヒアルロン酸の生物学

1.1生物構造

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important class of aminoglycans, and its disaccharide does not contain sulfate groups, so it is also called non-sulfated aminoglycans. The disaccharide units of hyaluronic acid are glucuronic acid (GlcUA) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which are linked to GlcNAc by the β1,3 bond of GlcUA, and to the next GlcUA by the β1,4 bond of GlcNAc. UDP-glcA provides D-glycuronate for the ヒアルロン酸の合成 through epimerisation at the C5 position, and hydrogen bonding between the 4-OH of GlcNAc and the O-acetyl group of GlcNAc is formed by bridging the water molecules, which is an important function in maintaining the natural activity of hyaluronic acid in the skin. At the same time, GlcUA has a strong acidic structure similar to that of AHA, but is completely neutral in the body. The bound form of hyaluronic acid exists as the hyaluronan 受容体complex (HARV) [5].

120生

The main site of hyaluronic acid biosynthesis in the body is the plasma membrane of fibroblasts or other cells, but also keratinocytes in the epidermis. Hyaluronic acid is synthesised rapidly in the body and is rapidly excreted or broken down. Its synthesis is influenced by hormones in the body, age, environmental factors and other factors. Hyaluronic acid is degraded by the enzyme hyaluronidase, which is produced by a variety of cells and first degrades hyaluronic acid to a medium-sized molecule of 20 KD containing 50-60 disaccharide units, which is then further degraded by other enzymes to oligosaccharide molecules. The half-life of hyaluronic acid in plasma is 2.5 min to 5.5 min, and urinary excretion is less than 1% of total clearance [6].

2肌とヒアルロン酸

2.1皮膚内の分布

Hyaluronic acid is synthesized by fibroblasts, keratinocytes or the plasma membrane of other cells. Hyaluronic acid exists in almost all tissues and fluids of the body, and the content of hyaluronic acid in the umbilical cord is 4100mg/L, and the content of hyaluronic acid in the bursal fluid is 1420mg/L~3600mg/L. However, the content of hyaluronic acid in the blood is only 0.01mg/L~0.1mg/L, and the content of hyaluronic acid in the urine is 0.1mg/L ~0.5mg/L. The amount in the urine is only 1% of the total amount excreted [6]. ~ However, blood contains at least 0.01mg/L to 0.1mg/L, and urine contains 0.1mg/L to 0.5mg/L. More than half of the body'のヒアルロン酸は皮膚に位置しています。それは表皮と真皮に豊富で、スピノサム層の中央に最も豊富で、徐々に基底層に減少する;しかし、顆粒層や角層にはヒアルロン酸は全く存在しません。ヒアルロン酸で染色すると、染色の強さは表皮細胞間、乳頭真皮、網状真皮の順である[1.2]。

2.2ヒアルロン酸と創傷治癒

Hyaluronic acid also plays an important role in the process of skin wound healing7], Hyaluronic Acid is one of the substances that reach the wound very early after injury, and the one that reaches the wound is the high molecular hyaluronic acid. When the body is in a metabolically stable state, HA binds to fibrinogen in the blood and forms a fibrous reticulum as a skeleton in combination with fibrin. hyaluronic acid is degraded under the action of hyaluronidase in 6-10 days, which stimulates the subsequent wound repair until the wound is completely repaired.

The time of inactivation of the enzyme of Hyaluronic Acid is in line with the change from the cell wandering and proliferation of the wound to the differentiation of the cells and maturation of the wound. Hyaluronic acid also enhances the action of thrombin at the site of injury, acting as a catalyst for fibrous clot formation. It also promotes pathological phagocytosis by monocytes. Due to its water-retaining and hydrating properties, HA facilitates cell movement by enlarging the intercellular space, creating a suitable environment for inflammatory cells to enter and maintain their activity. At the same time, hyaluronic acid promotes the entry and adhesion of epidermal cells, but also the proliferation and travelling of fibroblasts.

皮膚潰瘍に適用するとヒアルロン酸は、創傷治癒を促進します従来の治療よりもさらにそうです[8]。また、保湿効果は皮膚の水分環境を安定させ、創傷治癒を促します。妊娠中の女性の皮膚表面にヒアルロン酸製剤を使用すると、ストレッチマークの出現を減らし、分娩後の回復を促進することができることも注目に値します[1、13]。

2.3ヒアルロン酸と皮膚の老化

Hyaluronic acid, as a major component of the extracellular interstitium, has a strong water-absorbent capacity that facilitates the flow of nutrients and plays an important role in maintaining the elasticity of the skin [1,13]. As the body continues to age, the skin's hyaluronic acid content becomes less and less, reducing the amount of water, leading to shrinkage of its contents and a decrease in viscosity. At the same time, the exchange of substances and energy between the skin'の組織流体と血流が減少し、皮膚は十分な栄養素を奪われ、細胞は徐々に老化し、その機能を失う。

Several in vivo 研究have confirmed that Hyaluronic Acid levels decrease during the maturation process. In vitro experiments have shown that hyaluronic acid levels also decrease during cellular ageing [1,2,9]. Specifically, hyaluronic acid staining decreases in the middle stratum spinosum and basal layer of the epidermis during aging, and in the dermis around collagen fibres and between collagen and elastin fibres, while staining increases in the papillary layer of the dermis. The decrease in hyaluronic acid content of the dermis can cause the aging skin to lose its fullness and microvascular support, leading to the appearance of wrinkles and a decrease in skin elasticity. Pulsed EMF treatment, however, resulted in a sense of fullness, a reduction in wrinkles, and an increase in the content of amino-polysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid in the extracellular mesenchyme and between elastin fibres and collagen fibres. Other researchers have found that hyaluronic acid is reduced in the upper epidermis, and that hyaluronic acid is still present in the dermis of aged skin, but not in the epidermis. A decrease in free hyaluronan and an increase in bound hyaluronan were also found, suggesting that hyaluronan-binding proteins (HABPs) are also strongly associated with ageing, and that their levels are elevated during ageing, with fetal bound hyaluronan accounting for 7% of total hyaluronan compared with 23% in aged skin.

Fetal fibroblasts exhibit greater cell mobility than adults, which is related to the amount of Hyaluronic Acid produced by these cells [10]. Adult cells produce less Hyaluronic Acid, as hyaluronidase inhibits the movement of fetal fibroblasts, and a significant correlation was found between hyaluronic acid production and cell movement. A significant correlation was also found between hyaluronic acid production and cell wandering, while there is still no clear correlation between the decline in hyaluronic acid content and age.

3ヒアルロン酸の化粧品への応用

3.1ヒアルロン酸の保水性と保湿性

相対分子量4 × 10⁶ of hyaluronic acid molecular chain length of 10μm, due to the straight chain axis of hydrogen bonding between monosaccharides, Hyaluronic Acid molecules in the space of a rigid helical column, radius of 200nm, the inner group of a large number of hydroxyl groups by the hydrophilicity of the hydrophilic group, the solution and the affinity for the water is about 1,000 times the mass of its own, but also because of the helix of the space of the outside has a hydrophobicity, so that the water in the spiral column immobilised, the water in the water. The hydrophobicity on the outside of the helical space makes the water immobile and not easy to be lost inside the helical column. At the same time, hyaluronic acid solution has unique hydrodynamic properties, with good viscoelasticity and strain, the low concentration of the solution is mainly viscous, while the high concentration of elasticity [1~3].

Despite the inconsistent results, it is clear that Hyaluronic Acid can act as a cellular barrier and lubricant to collagen, while at the same time facilitating the separation of tightly bound cells and allowing the cells to travel to the site of proliferation (e.g., site of injury, etc.). The synthesised Hyaluronic Acid forms directly into the extracellular matrix and is generally found as a periplasm on the surface of cell membranes. Hyaluronic acid is mainly found in rapidly proliferating, rebuilding and repairing tissues. Its biological role is mainly to maintain the extracellular space of tissue cells, to accelerate the flow of ions, solutes and nutrients and to maintain tissue hydration. This is due to the excellent water-absorbing and moisturising properties of Hyaluronic Acid.

Specifically, Hyaluronic Acid-rich ECM can draw a large amount of water from the dermis, and at the same time prevent evaporation and loss of water due to the epidermal lipid barrier, thus maintaining a constant hydrological environment in the skin []. Therefore, hyaluronic acid is widely used in cosmetics as the most ideal natural moisturising factor. Therefore, many cosmetic manufacturers at home and abroad make use of hyaluronic acid'の自然な水吸収と保湿効果は、異なる肌タイプ、気候や環境での使用に適したそれらを作る、化粧品にヒアルロン酸を追加します。メーカーに一定の利益をもたらすだけでなく、消費者のニーズを満たすための一定の機能を果たし、特に乾燥肌の人や寒さや乾燥した環境での使用に適しています。

3.2ヒアルロン酸のアンチエイジング効果

Hyaluronic acid has excellent functions in improving the physiological conditions of the skin, such as providing sufficient moisture to the stratum corneum, strengthening the skin barrier, providing an excellent external environment for the synthesis of dermal collagen fibres and elastin fibres, and enhancing the supply of a variety of nutrients, which is effective in skin care and skin maintenance. In addition, in vitro or animal studies have found that: ① hyaluronic acid bound on the cell surface can block the release of some cellular enzymes to the outside of the cell to reduce the production of free radicals, and hyaluronic acid bound on the cell surface can restrict several enzymes that produce free radicals and lipid peroxidation from approaching the cell membrane, and reduce the influx of hydroxyl radicals on the surface of the cell membrane.

Free radicals play an important role in destroying cell structure, generating lipid peroxidation and causing aging. ② Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA) was also found to have anti-inflammatory and pathological inhibiting effects in rodents. Hyaluronic acid can provide a suitable matrix for cell proliferation and differentiation, and at the same time, the hyaluronic acid bound on the cell surface can directly transmit the external growth signals to the cells, which can directly promote the proliferation, reconstruction and repair of the tissues, and promote the recovery of the ECM function, so as to recover the elasticity and fullness of the skin. Its excellent matrix space structure and ability to maintain water balance play an important role in improving the internal environment of skin tissues and the supply of nutrients, thus showing a certain anti-aging effect. Therefore, people use hyaluronic acid to inhibit the pathological phagocytosis of animal cells, use it to inhibit inflammation, inhibit the production of free radicals, etc., and water retention and moisturisation combined with the application of cosmetic products, to achieve anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory, rejuvenation and anti-ageing effect [11,12].

Although the polymer Hyaluronic Acid was found to have the effect of delaying skin aging in animal studies, these so-called anti-aging cosmetics have been found to have the effect of delaying skin aging in animal studies. However, most of these so-called anti-aging cosmetic substances are based on their temporary hydration or moisturising effect, which reduces blemishes, imperfections and other undesirable symptoms from the skin'の外観は、しかし、ヒアルロン酸の合成を促進するために特に重要である皮膚からの真皮線維芽細胞によるコラーゲン繊維およびエラスチン繊維などの細胞外間葉(ecm)の合成を促進しません。真皮に浸透し、ヒアルロン酸の合成を刺激することによってのみ、皮膚の老化を止めることができます。マウスでは、皮膚へのエストラジオール投与はヒアルロン酸の合成を促進する1,2,12]。in vitroの研究では、培養液にcaclを添加するとケラチノサイトによるha合成が阻害され、一方、マイクロギ酸はヒアルロン酸の生成を促進することが示されている。アスコルビン酸とコルチゾンを培養皮膚線維芽細胞に添加すると、ヒアルロン酸の合成が減少した。線維芽細胞の嫡男実験も确认し、sox2、c—myc、24代によるヒアルロン酸製造より2回低かったが、线维芽细胞のわずか9世代後に示す合成繊维芽细胞senescentによるヒアルロン酸が缩小させたが、そうだな、hyaluronidaseはないよう培地re-synthesisを刺激して、ヒアルロン酸セルラーを刺激して拡散[13]だ

At the same time, there are few published studies on the evaluation of the effects of HA application on normal human skin. Overseas experimental studies are generally based on damaged skin, as it is generally considered to be unable to cross the normal skin barrier.4 Stem synthesised [12] that small molecular amounts of HA (LMW-HA) (150 KD) derived from bovine trachea hydrolysed by endopeptidases were used 人類experiments, and concluded that HA was beneficial for normal hydration. The authors also claimed that the slow response of intact skin to cosmetic and dermatological treatments is not conducive to a correct interpretation of their efficacy and that the limitations of their study are obvious. The results of in vitro or population studies on the effects of HA when added to cosmetic products are generally based on measurements of skin capacitance, water evaporation and keratinisation after application3 [14], and there is a lack of studies on the delay of skin hydration. 14], there is a lack of objective, comprehensive and scientific evaluation of skin ageing. Although domestic and foreign cosmetic manufacturers are using HA, the exact effect of HA on normal skin (moisturising and anti-aging) has not yetbeen scientifically proven in a complete and systematic way.

結論として、ヒアルロン酸は、優れた吸水性と保湿機能、皮膚への栄養素の供給を促進し、皮膚の恒常性を維持し、in vivoまたは他の手段によって投与された場合、特定の明確な効果を持っています'の水文環境、および皮膚の老化を防止し、緩和。そのため、化粧品に広く使用されています。過去には、haは動物組織抽出物(鶏の冠、臍帯、牛など)に由来していた#39;s eye or microbial fermentation, etc.), and due to the possibility of contamination and allergy, it has now been transferred to the production of genetically engineered strains.The research and development of the production of HA as well as the exact efficacy of HA on the normal skin of the human body deserves further study, so as to facilitate its wide application in cosmetics.

参照

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[2]ローラン  TL   et  al.Hyaluronan.FASEBJ1992年には6:2397 ~ 2404

[3]野毛y .生体接着剤として修飾されたヒアルロン酸の分子および細胞研究は、創傷治癒における局所薬物送達のために行われている。アーチ バイオケミカル 1994年Biophys、313 (2):267 ~ 273

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[10] fleischmajer r et al. human dermal glycosaminolycans and ag- ing。1972年(昭和47年)Biochim Biophys Acta、279:265 ~ 275

[11]フォックスc .化粧品科学と局所生物活性の技術の進歩   1997年(平成9年)materials.Cos&骨折り仕事、112:67 ~ 83

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