ヒアルロン酸修飾と配合に関する研究

Hyaluronic 酸(HA) is a type のglycosaminoglycan that belongs toのgroup のacidic mucopolysaccharides. It is widely distributed でvarious parts のthe 人間body, とthe skin also contains a large amount のヒアルロンacid. In 1934, Professor Meyer のColumbia University でUnited States was the first to isolate ヒアルロン酸からthe vitreous humor のcattle [1]. In the body, ヒアルロン酸is a multifunctional matrix that exhib◆a variety のimportant physiological functions, such as regulating proteins, assisting in the diffusiにとtransport のwater とelectrolytes, lubricating joints, regulating the permeability のblood vessel walls, promoting wound healing, etc. Most importantly, ヒアルロン酸has a special water-retaining effect. It is currently the best moisturizing substance found in nature, とis known as the ideal natural moisturizing factor (NMF). (の2% aqueous solution のpure hyaluronic 酸can firmly retain 98% of the moisture. ) Due to its unique physical とchemical 文化財とphysiological functions, hyaluronic 酸has been widely used in medicine とbiological materials.

The chemical 構造of hyaluronic 酸was elucidated by Karl Mayerޞ年代の39;s研究室[1]。ヒアルロン酸はポリマーです。d-グルクロン酸とn-アセチルグルコサミンからなる高分子直鎖ムコ多糖である。D-glucuronic酸とN-acetylglucosamineはβが連なっている−1、3-glycosidic債券となり、二糖类はβが連なっているの単位−1、債券4-glycosidicです。分子中の2つの単糖は1:1モル比で構成されている。最大25,000個の二糖単位が存在する可能性がある。ヒトの体内では、ヒアルロン酸の分子量は5,000 ~ 2,000万ダルトンです[2,3]。ヒアルロン酸の構造式を図1に示します。

Hyaluronic acid is soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents. It has many properties in common with other natural mucopolysaccharides. Hyaluronic acid extracted からliving organisms is white in color, odorless and highly hygroscopic. Hyaluronic acid in a sodium chloride solution dissociates due to the carboxyl group in glucuronic acid, producing H+ and making it appear as an acidic polyionic anion state, giving hyaluronic acid the properties of an acidic mucopolysaccharide [4, 5]. Although the hydroxyl groups on the hyaluronic acid molecule are arranged in a continuous orientation, forming hydrophobic areas on the 分子chain, the presence of hydrogen bonds between the monosaccharides in the hyaluronic acid molecule chain results in a rigid columnar helical structure in space [6]. The presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups on the inside of the column makes hyaluronic acid highly hydrophilic. Therefore, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of hyaluronic acid allow hyaluronic acid with a concentration of less than 1‰ to form a continuous three-dimensional honeycomb network structure[5].

Water molecules are locked in place within the hyaluronic acid network by polar and hydrogen bonds with hyaluronic acid molecules, and are not easily lost. Studies have shown that hyaluronic acid can adsorb about 1000 times its own 体重in water, which is unmatched by other polysaccharide compounds. Therefore, hyaluronic acid, as a water-retaining agent, is currently the best natural substance found in nature ためretaining water.

Hyaluronic acid combines with proteins to form proteoglycan molecules with a higher molecular weight, which are important components ためmaintaining the moisture in loose connective tissue. This gel-like structure of hyaluronic acid-protein-water bonds cells together, allowing them to carry out normal metabolic functions while retaining tissue moisture. It also protects cells from viruses and bacteria, 防止infection, and gives the skin a certain degree of resilience and elasticity [7, 8].

1ヒアルロン酸の調製方法

伝統的なmethod of preparing hyaluronic acid is the extraction method, which uses raw materials that are generally fresh animal tissues, such as human umbilicalcords, animal vitreous bodies, roosters'櫛クジラの軟骨これらの原料は調達が困難で高価であり、これらの原料中のヒアルロン酸含有量は非常に低く、直接的には低収率につながります。さらに、抽出プロセスは複雑で、操作ユニットは面倒です。酵素や有機溶媒が大量に使用されており、不純物含有量が高いため精製が難しく、ヒアルロン酸のコストがある程度上昇します。そのため、抽出によって得られたヒアルロン酸は、拡大し続ける研究と応用のニーズを満たすことができません。ヒアルロン酸の新しい供給源を発見し、コストを削減するために、科学研究者たちは発酵法を用いてヒアルロン酸を生産し始めた[7]。

ヒアルロン酸を調製するための発酵方法は1970年代に遡ることができますが、それは大規模に開発されていません。日本の資生堂が、ストレプトコッカスを用いたヒアルロン酸製造法を初めて報告したのは1985年で、その後、ヒアルロン酸発酵法が大きく進歩しました。報告されているヒアルロン酸産生菌は、主にベルガーのストレプトコッカス属a、cである#39;s Manual, such as Streptococcus pyogenes (group A), Streptococcus zooepidemicus (group 200), Streptococcus equi (group C), Streptococcus equi group C, Streptococcus agalactiae group C, and Clostridium perfringens. Group A is mainly pyogenic streptococcus, a human pathogen, and is not suitable as a production strain. It is currently rarely used. Group C streptococcus is not a human pathogen and is relatively suitable ためindustrial production. In recent years, the industrial production of hyaluronic acid 使用Streptococcus pyogenes has reached the industrial stage abroad. Table 1 compares the main differences between the extraction method and the fermentation method [7-9].

For the extraction method, the raw material is different, and the extraction and purification process is also different [9]. For example, the cockscomb has low fat content and high hyaluronic acid content. After being ground, it can be directly extracted with distilled water several times or heated to 40-50°C for extraction. A hyaluronic acid solution with a yield of 0.47% can be obtained. For human umbilical cords, the fat content is higher than that of chicken combs. They can be extracted several times with a dilute alkali solution (pH=8) at 60°C, or extracted with a mixture of water and chloroform (20:1/W:W), and washed with an equal volume of chloroform to further degrease. The yield of hyaluronic acid is 0.2%. The extraction of hyaluronic acid from vitreous humor generally uses a NaCl solution (0.1-1M) as the extraction solution, and the yield can reach 0.64-2.4%. Pigskin contains a lot of fat and is tough and not easily ground, so it is generally liquefied in a NaOH solution at 37°C for a period of time, and then neutralized with 50% acetic acid. Although the yield of hyaluronic acid can reach about 0.7%, the purification process is relatively complicated.

The quality of hyaluronic acid prepared using the fermentation method mainly depends on the following four aspects: strain selection, medium matching, fermentation process optimization and separation and purification process. The advantages of the biological fermentation method are that the product is not limited by raw material resources, the process is simple and the cost is low. Therefore, the fermentation method is currently preferred for the preparation of hyaluronic acid. The main bacteria used in the fermentation method for producing hyaluronic acid are Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus equi-like.

Fermentation methods for producing hyaluronic acid are divided into aerobic fermentation and anaerobic fermentation. Aerobic fermentation has a high yield and produces hyaluronic acid with a high molecular weight. During the fermentation process, the temperature is usually 37°C, and the pH value needs to be controlled within the range of 6.0-8.5. An environment with too much acid or alkali will affect the growth of the bacteria and reduce the yield of hyaluronic acid. Different 酸素dissolution rates can also be used at different fermentation stages to increase the yield of hyaluronic acid. In addition, the viscosity of the fermentation broth can directly reflect the yield of hyaluronic acid. The pseudoplasticity of hyaluronic acid causes the viscosity of the solution to decrease at high shear rates. High stirring rates can significantly increase the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid, but too high a speed can destroy the molecules and reduce the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid. Therefore, the stirring speed is usually controlled at 100–800 r/min. The yield of hyaluronic acid can also be increased by adding a small amount of uracil, glutamine and aspartic acid to the fermentation broth, or by adding lysozyme [10-13].

At present, the extraction of HA in China is still in the stage of using human umbilical cords and chicken combs as raw materials. Shanghai University has reported a method for extracting hyaluronic acid from pig skin, and the molecular weight of the hyaluronic acid produced is about 106. Some people 使用microbial fermentation to produce hyaluronic acid, and the yield has been reported to be 4.6 g/l, but the molecular weight is only 500,000. In addition, some people have also used γ-rays combined with magnetic field mutagenesis to obtain high-yielding strains of hyaluronic acid. For example, Chen Yonghao [14] used ultraviolet and 60Co-γ-ray irradiation to mutate and obtained a strain of non-hemolytic bacteria NC1150, which increased the yield and relative molecular weight of HA.

2生体材料としてのヒアルロン酸特性の改善

Pure hyaluronic acid has the disadvantages of being easily soluble in water, rapidly absorbed, having a short residence time in tissues, and poor mechanical properties, which limits its use in situations where material hardness and mechanical strength are required. In order to make hyaluronic acid more widely used in the field of biomaterials, it is necessary to chemically modify it to optimize its properties and expand its scope of application. To improve the mechanical properties of hyaluronic acid and control its 劣化rate, hyaluronic acid can be chemically modifiedor crosslinked. Hyaluronic acid has functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and acetamido, and can be modified by cross-linking, esterification, grafting, molecular 修正and compounding. Chemically modified hyaluronic acid clearly possesses the main properties of carboxylic acids and/or alcohols. Carboxylic acids and alcohols are modified by esterification, and combined with hydrazine compounds, dithiothreitol or disulfides [3, 6]. After modification, hyaluronic acid is endowed with a series of good properties such as mechanical strength, viscoelasticity, rheological properties and resistance to hyaluronidase degradation, while maintaining its original biocompatibility.

2.1 .ヒアルロン酸とポリエチレングリコールの共有結合性架橋

Current research shows that the mechanical properties and degradation rate of 取り込んだhyaluronic acid gels can be controlled by the degree of 架橋and molecular weight of the cross-linking molecule. Hyaluronic acid can be covalently cross-linked with polyethylene glycol diamines 様々なdegrees of cross-linking. Polyethylene glycol was chosen as the cross-linking molecule because it is 利きand hydrophilic. PEGis soluble in aqueous solution and is commercially available in different molecular weights. The elastic properties of the gel are ensured by the deformable PEGchains, while the mechanical properties are ensured by the structurally stable hyaluronic acid chains.

The influence of the degree of cross-linking on the mechanical properties and degradation behavior of hyaluronic acid gels has been studied. Hyaluronic acid gels are prepared from covalently cross-linked hyaluronic acid and two different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol at various degrees of cross-linking. Experiments have shown that as the theoretical degree of cross-linking of hyaluronic acid gels increases from 0 to 20%, the elastic modulus gradually increases. However, when the theoretical cross-linking degree increased to above 20%, the elastic modulus decreased. When the theoretical cross-linking degree was 20%, the elastic modulus increased, and the molecular weight of the cross-linked molecules decreased. At a theoretical cross-linking degree of 20%, the in vitro degradation rate of hyaluronic acid gels 減少with a decrease in the molecular weight of the cross-linked molecules. As the theoretical crosslinking degree increases from 0 to 20%, the degradation rate of crosslinkedhyaluronic acid decreases. However, when the theoretical crosslinking degree rises above 30%, there is no significant difference in degradation rate [15, 16]. Further development of hyaluronic acid gels through in-depth research on をcontrolled mechanical properties and degradation rates will provide a wide range of medical and biological material applications.

Hyaluronic acid is modified by covalently binding it to polyethylene glycol diamines of different molecular weights. The mechanical properties and degradation rate of crosslinked hyaluronic acid gels can be controlled by varying the molecular weight and degree of crosslinking of the crosslinking molecules. It has been found that crosslinked hyaluronic acid gels have controllable mechanical properties and degradation rates, which can provide a wider range of biomedical applications, such as cell transplantation and drug delivery.

2.2ヒアルロン酸とポリヒドラジド化合物の架橋

Hyaluronic acid can be cross-linked with different hydrazide compounds to obtain gels with different physicochemical properties under different cross-linking conditions. Hydrazide cross-linkers make the gel resistant to hyaluronidase. Experiments have shown that gel degradation is independent of the concentration of the cross-linking agent, which indicates that degradation only occurs at the interface of the gel. The stability of hyaluronic acid gels in acidic media and their slow dissolution at pH > 7.0 indicate their potential role in controlling drug delivery in an alkaline environment [15–17].

Hydrazide compounds can be used as cross-linking agents to modify hyaluronic acid hydrogelsinto more mechanically rigid and brittle gels. Hyaluronic acid can become a stable HA-adipoyl dihydrazide (HA-ADH) derivative in the presence of a large amount of adipic dihydrazide [18]. Paul Bulpitt [19] and others have shown that chemical modification of hyaluronic acid by hydrazide compounds ester intermediates with resistance to hydrolysis and no rearrangement activity can be formed. 新しいhydrogels with good biocompatibility such as HA-hydrazide and HA-amide have been synthesized, and to some extent the water solubility has been reduced to achieve the effect of slow-release drugs [20].

2.3ジスルフィドと架橋したヒアルロン酸

ヒアルロン酸はジスルフィドと架橋することができる。例えば、ヒドラジノリシスの一定量3,3'-dithiopropionic acid (DTP) can be added to a hyaluronic acid aqueous solution, and the pH of the reaction solution can be adjusted from acid to base using HCl and NaOHにする。Solid carbodiimide (EDC) is added during the process, and finally, separation, freeze-drying, and purification can be used to obtain a mercapto hyaluronic acid derivative (HA-DTPH) [20].

Experiments have shown that the disulfide-crosslinked mercapto-hyaluronic acid derivative (HA-DTPH) gel degrades slowly both in volume vivoand in vitro, and the degradation rate can be controlled by changing the degree of disulfide cross-linking. At the same time, hyaluronic acid gels have potential clinical applications in wound healing and tissue repair [21].

2.4ヒアルロン酸エステル化

Carboxylエステル化

The carboxyl group of hyaluronic acid can undergo esterification with fatty alcohols or aromatic alcohols to form esterified 派生商品[21]. After esterification, the solution rheological properties of HA are significantly improved, forming a weak colloidal network structure. The solubility of hyaluronic acid esterified 派生商品decreases with increasing degree of esterification, and highly esterified derivatives are insoluble in water. In addition, the degree of esterification has a significant effect on the degradation rate. This may be because the hydrophobic fragments of the fully esterified substance make the network of polymer chains more rigid and stable, making it less susceptible to enzymatic degradation. The partially esterified substance is more deformable and more easily combined with water.

Hyaluronic acid esterified derivatives can be made into films and fibers using some conventional process methods, freeze-dried into sponges, or prepared into microspheres by spraying, drying, extracting and evaporating, and can be used as carrier materials for controlled drug release. In addition, this type of hyaluronic acid esterified derivative can be used in the development of artificial skin and artificial cartilage, the culture of mesenchymal stem cells, and also for anti-biofouling and anti-corrosion purposes [20].

Hydroxyesterification

If butyric anhydride and the trimethylpyridine salt of low-molecular-weightヒアルロン酸 are reacted in dimethylformamide (DMF) containing dimethylaminopyrimidine, butyric acid can be coupled to hyaluronic acid. As butyric acid can induce cell differentiation and inhibit the growth of tumor cells, hyaluronan butyrate can be used as a new targeted drug delivery system material.

内部エステル化

Internal esterification of hyaluronic acid derivatives is achieved by intramolecular and intermolecular bonding between the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of hyaluronic acid. Pressato [22] and Belini [23] et al. pretreated a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution of hyaluronic acid with triethylamine, converting hyaluronic acid to [R4N] +H。2-Chloro-1-methyliodopyridine was then used as a cross-linking agent to cause internal esterification of hyaluronic acid, yielding hyaluronan lactone derivatives with both intramolecular and intermolecular esterification. This method can be used in surgery to reduce 、after abdominal surgery and obstetric and gynecological surgery. The internal esterified derivative of hyaluronic acid can also be used as a scaffold for tissue damage repair and regeneration of cartilage and bone.

2.5移植修正

Hyaluronic acid can be grafted onto natural or synthetic polymers using cross-linking agents to form new materials with modified biomechanical properties and physicochemical properties [20].

このプロセスを図2に示します。haはまた、図3に示すように、リポソームの表面にグラフトされ、標的と遮蔽の効果を与えることができる。

After hyaluronic acid is modified with dihydrazide to form the HA-ADH derivative, drug molecules can be attached to HA-ADH to form HA-bound drugs. Hyaluronic acid can provide 小説drug targeting and controlled release. The general process is as follows: after dihydrazide is linked to HA, the remaining NH2 of the hydrazide can be reconnected with other carboxyl groups in the HA molecule, and intra- or intermolecular cross-linking will occur. At the same time, the remaining NH2 can be connected to the active site of the drug to bond the drug to the hyaluronic acid, or the drug can be first connected to the polyhydrazide and then grafted to the HA molecule to obtain a hyaluronic acid-bonded drug system. The structure is shown in Figure 4.

2.6合成修正

Hyaluronic acid is a non-antigenic molecule that can be used in combination with other materials without causing inflammation or an immune response. For example, hyaluronic acid can be combined with collagen [20], which is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix. The combination of hyaluronic acid and collagen gives it good mechanical properties. Hyaluronic acid can also be combined with chitosan (CS) and gelatin [20], to form a CS-Gel-HA composite material (chitosan-gelatin-hyaluronic acid). This composite material can effectively improve the adhesion of cells to the material surface, increase the survival rate of cells on the material surface, and enable cells to enter the normal growth and proliferation cycle as soon as possible. Hyaluronic acid can also be compounded with synthetic polymers such as poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLA/PLGA), which is a non-toxic, fully biodegradable synthetic polymer that is easy to process, degradable, and has a controllable degradation rate. Blending PLA or PLGAwith HA [24] can reduce the degradation rate of HA and prolong the time HA remains in the tissue.

3生体材料の分野におけるヒアルロン酸の応用

ヒアルロン酸派生商品 obtained through modification can improve specific properties as required, which greatly expands the application of hyaluronic acid in the field of biomaterials. At present, hyaluronic acid or its derivatives are used in various fields, including surgical anti-adhesion, arthritis treatment, ophthalmic disease treatment, local drug delivery carriers, tissue engineering, etc. [25-29]. The application of different modified ヒアルロン酸製品 is shown in Table 2.

4結論

This paper reviews the preparation methods of hyaluronic acid and the modification and compounding of hyaluronic acid. At present, research on the preparation and modification and compounding of hyaluronic acid has made gratifying progress, but there is still some way to go before it can be used in clinical applications. In addition, hyaluronic acid is a kind of bioabsorbable material with high viscoelasticity, plasticity, permeability and unique rheological properties as well as good biocompatibility. Due to its strong moisturizing properties and good biocompatibility, it has also become an important raw material for biomedical applications. It is widely used in ophthalmology, orthopedics, and even extends to surgery, pediatrics, neurology and other fields. In addition, hyaluronic acid can effectively prevent postoperative adhesion without side effects. It can also be used as a drug release carrier and is a popular new biomedical material. However, hyaluronic acid also has shortcomings that need to be compensated for by various chemical modifications to improve its mechanical strength, resistance to hyaluronidase degradation, etc. Common modification methods include cross-linking, esterification, grafting, molecular modification and compounding. In-depth research on hyaluronic acid is therefore continuing. Current research focuses on improving the properties of hyaluronic acid gels and making them smarter, in order to promote the wider use of these materials in the field of biomaterials.

参照

[1] Weissmann B、マイヤー K.The structure  of  hyalobi -クルクロン  acid   and   of   hyaluronic   acid   from   臍帯か[J]だJ は 化学 1954年(昭和29年)Soc 76(7): 1753-1757。

[2] Saari H.  差動 効果 of  活性 oxygen  spe - cies on  nativ synovial 液 and  浄化 human  しかし… bilical  紐 1993年hyaluronate [J] .Inflammation 17(4): 403-415。

[3]全  O.Mechanical properties   and   degradation  風であっhaviors of  hyaluroni acid  hydrogels  cross-linked  at various  cross-linking  denseties [J]。炭水化物 嘘発見- mers、ローソクを消し10:1-7ますか。

【4】汎宏美。ヒアルロン酸の現在の研究状況のレビュー[j]。四川省の食品と発酵、2003年、39(1):1-5。

[5] j e scott, c cummings, a brass, et al。水溶液中のヒアルロン酸の二次構造と三次構造、回転影像電子顕微鏡とコンピュータシミュレーションによる研究[j]。1991年Bochemial誌、274(3):699-705。

[6] evered d, whelan j .ヒアルロン酸の生物学、ciba foundation symposium [j]。 ジョンワイリー&^ a b c d e f g h i 1989, pp . 143 - 143。

[7]羅老号Ruiming」。ヒアルロン酸(ha)の国内外における研究の現状[j]。^『仙台市史』第22巻第1号、仙台市、2002年、62-64頁。

[8] weigel p h, hascall v c, tammi m .ヒアルロン酸合成酵素[j]。^ a b c d e f『官報』第2792号、大正9年9月27日。

[9]崎Yanrong。ヒアルロン酸の調製と応用[j]。^ a b c d e『教育と研究』、2010年、222-223頁。

[10]梁Tianzuo。微生物発酵によるヒアルロン酸生産に関する研究[m]。^河北農業大学、2010年、16-18頁。

【11】郭雪平、王春煕、崔大鹏。発酵によるヒアルロン酸の調製[j]。^『日経産業新聞』1994年(昭和6年)、47-48頁。

[12] guo xuping, wang chunxi, ling peixue, et al。ヒアルロン酸とその発酵生産の概要[j]。中国生化学学会誌,1998,19(4):209。

[13]羅宇 Y M, Sureshkumar G  K。 Improvemen in  バイオテクノロジー炉 productivities 偽名 自由 急進派:HOCI-in - duced 翻译好? of  xanthan ガム from  Xan -

thomomascampestris and  its    メカニズムか[J]でした。 バイオテクノロジーtechnol 2001年Bioeng 72(1): 62-68。

[14] chen yonghao, wang qiang。ヒアルロン酸産生細菌の変異原性繁殖[j]。2009年微生物学公報、36(2):205-210。

【15】Manuskiatti。ヒアルロン酸と皮膚:創傷治癒と老化[j]。  1996年Int J Dermatol 35(8): 539-544。

[16] laurent t l .ヒアルロン酸[j]。^ a b c d e f g h i『官報』第2397号、大正2年6月24日。

[17] koen p vercruysse, dale m marecak, james f marecek, et al。新しい多価ヒドラジド架橋型ヒアルロン酸hyドロジェルの合成とin vitro分解[j]。バイオコンジュゲート化学、1997年、8、686-694。

【18】ling peixue, zhang tianmin。ヒアルロン酸间学[M] .北京:中国軽工業出版社、2000年、25:188-194。

[19]ポール ダニエルBulpitt Aeschlimann。 New  戦略 化学 modification   of  hyaluronic   acid  Prepara - tion of  functionalized derivatives  and  their  use  in the  形成 of  novel  biocompatible  hydrogels [J]。J 出来る 築城 1999年「Res publica 47人(2):152 - 169.

[20] yu xueli, wang chuandong, li baolu, et al。ヒアルロン酸の修飾とその応用[j]。^ a b『生物工学研究』2005年、61-66頁。

[21] Borzacchielloぐらい A Ambrosio L.Network 形成 低  molecular   weight   hyaluronic  acid   derivatives  [J]。J Biomater Sci ポリマー 2001年Edn 12 (3): 307 - 316.

。[22]Pressat o  D、Pavesio A.  生体材料  for  preventing  post-surgical adhesions  構成 of      hyal -クルクロン acid  derivat アイヴズ[P]。 を:1997年(平成9年)9707833。

[23] Belini D、Papare11a あお リーガン M, Callegaro l自動車 crosslinked  hyaluronic  acid  and    関連 phar - maceutical  構図  for   the   治療  of   ar - thropathies [P]。 を:1997年(平成9年)9749412。

[24]李 歌っ 若いチョ・チュルハン 煥 ああ宰 ちゃん 金et al.In vivo  结膜炎 再建 using  mod - ified   PLGA   移植の  for   decreased   傷    形成 and  萎縮[J]。 2003年生体材料24:5049 - 5059.

[25]やがてLutolf M P Raeber G  P Zisch A  H et al.Cell-responsive合成  hydrogels [J]。Adv  だから、フェルナンド、2003年15:888-892。

[26] huang jianyan, bao lei, mao xuan, et al。インスリン担体としてのアガロヒアルロン酸共重合体[j]。journal of materials science and engineering, 2009, 27(1): 43-46。

[27]李天秀、李天秀、朴tg。ヒアルロン酸-パクリタキセル共役ミセル:合成、特性評価、および抗腫瘍活性[j]。^「bioconjug chem, 2008, 19(6): 1319-1325」。bioconjug chem . 2008年11月19日閲覧。

[28] kumar a, sahoo b, montpetit a, et al。ヒアルロン酸- fe2o3ハイブリッド磁性ナノ粒子の開発。^『仙台市史』第3巻(2007年)、132-137頁。

【29】王超、張明春。医薬材料としてのヒアルロン酸の調製と応用の進歩。中国の医薬バイオテクノロジー,2009,4(6):452-454。