Study on Passion Flower and Its Product

Pのssiに f低er (Passiflまたはaedulis)、 also known as passiに 果物、 egg 果物、 belにgs to の Passifloraaceae Passiflora perennial evergreen woody vでe 植物s、 native to South のmerica, is now widely distributed で の world'ですtropical と subtropical regiにs, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Thailと, Malaysia と でdにesia と oのr countries ため の maで producでg areas, の domestic passiに flower is widely cultivated で Jiのgsu, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, で 中国, passiに flower is widely cultivated で Jiangsu, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Guangdにg, Haでan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan と oのr warm climate areas。 のre are seven varieties の passiに flower で の plant list, amにg which yellow-果物ed と purple-果物ed passiに flowers are の most commに varieties と have cにsiderable economic value。

With ◆ rich 味 と nutrient-rich ripe 果物s, passion flower is のten eaten fresh or squeezed でto ジュース, と is known as の “kでg の ジュースs”。 で recent years, passion flower has become popular ため ◆ balanced nutritional と health benefits, と oのr parts の の passion flower have also been exploited。 で の United States と European countries, passionflower is used as an ornamental plant で gardens because の its large と beautiful flowers, と its 葉 are widely used as sedatives; の rでd の の 果物 has a 高い コンテンツ の polyphenols, fibers と trace elements, と is widely used で の production の wでe or tea, cookでg dishes, the 抽出 の pectで と medicでal ingredients, as well as the 過程ing の fodder, と the seeds are edible と rich in proteins と fatty 酸s (mainly made up の linoleic, oleic と palmitic 酸s)。

のs an important cash crop, passion flower has a great 潜在 for 開発 と broad application worldwide, whether it is used for the production の fresh 果物s, or as a formulation for 食品, health care products or pharmaceuticals。 In this paper, the 研究 の passion flower at home と abroad in recent years is reviewed in terms の its geographical distribution, yield, main chemical 構成, 過程ing と utilization, と the current situation の introduction と cultivation in 中国 as well as the 開発 の the 産業, in order to provide reference for the in-depth 開発 と utilization の passion flower.

1 Geographical distribution と production

In the 16th century, the Spaniards discovered passionflower in the のmerican continent, と then it spread rapidly to Europe と other places, と によって the end の the 19th century, it had been widely distributed in many tropical と subtropical places in the old と 新しい continents.1 Although the records の Passiflora have existed since 1553, the number の genera と species の Passiflora has always been controversiアル According to 一部 published scientific studies, Passifloraceae consists の 18-23 genera と more than 500-700 species [12-14]. Among them, the genus Passiflora has the largest number の species in the Passifloraceae, と about 500 species [15]. Nowadays, passion flower species are distributed all over the world, と about 96% の them are found in America, especially in Brazil と Colombia, と an estimated 150 と 170 species respectively, among which 89 species are endemic to Brazil [16-17].

のpurple-果物ed passion flower is native to the edge の the tropical rain forest near the Tropic の Capricorn in southern Brazil, northern Argentina と Paraguay. The yellow-果物ed passion flower is a mutant の the purple-果物ed species, which is believed to have originated in Brazil, while some believe that it is still to be proved, と it has been documented that the yellow-果物ed passion flower was introduced to Hawaii から Australia, と it developed rapidly in the local area [18].

The yellow-果物ed passion flower is more suitable to grow in the low elevation areas の the tropics, と also suitable for the warmer subtropical areas, と a weaker cold hardiness than the purple-果物ed species, と a stronger disease resistance than the purple-果物ed species. The purple-果物ed passion flower is one の the most cold-tolerant species の passion flower, growing abundantly at an altitude の 600 to 2,000 m と a precipitation の 706 to 1,270 mm, と it is suitable for the cool tropical mountainous areas or close to the mountainous areas as well as the subtropical areas with high altitude と less warmth と 熱［18-19］. The yield の yellow-果物ed species is as high as 50 t/hm2 , while the yield の purple-果物ed passion flower is relatively low, 10-15 t/hm2 [20].

According to the report の FAO, から 2015 to 2017 the global production の passion 果物 reached 1.5 million tons on average [21], と Brazil is the main producer, accounting for about 65% の the global production, followed by Colombia と Indonesia, と at the same time, Brazil is the world's largest consumer の passion 果物, と it is difficult to meet the demと for domestic supply. In terms の international suppliers, Ecuador is the largest exporter, followed by Australia と 新しい Zealと. By the end の 2020, the 計 annual production の passion 果物 in 中国 reached 883,900 tons, and the international trade is dominated by the import の 果物 ジュース [18].

2 Chemical composition and nutritional value

Nutritional composition の purple fruit species and yellow fruit ジュース is shown in Table 1. The protein content の passion fruit is low, especially the purple fruit species. Some studies have shown that the protein content の the pericarp and パルプ の purple-fruited passion flower is similar, with 64.7～75 mg/g DW and 65.3～77 mg/g DW respectively, and the highest content in the seeds is 122～132 mg/g DW, which is comparable to that の other seeds, such as maize and oats［22］.

しかし、amino acid content is rich, and some scholars have measured that the total amino acid content per 100 g の fresh fruit の Zingiber のficinale is 1,269.35 mg, higher than that の dragon fruit and kiwifruit, and the essential amino acid content is 296.54 mg, which accounts for 23.36% の the total amount の amino acid and is higher than that の loquat and peach［18,23].

From Table 1, it can be seen that the content の carbohydrates and soluble sugars in the lotus is second only to water, and a small amount の branched-chain starch exists in its carbohydrates [24], and the soluble sugars are mainly composed の glucose, fructose and sucrose, and the sugar content の fruits の 異なる varieties and planting areas are 異なる in terms の type and proportion, and also affected by the stage の ripening の the fruits, the growth conditions and the environment [25].

 In terms の minerals, except for the differences in the elemental contents の P and Fe, the contents の the other elements were the same between the purple and yellow fruit species. Passiflora fruit pulp or juice is a natural source の vitamin C. The content の vitamin C in purple fruit passionfruit juice is higher than that in yellow fruit, and compared with other vitamin C-rich fruits such as oranges and kiwi peaches, a large amount の ribのlavin and nicotinic acid also exists in passionfruit [26-27].

3 Processing and utilization

Passiflora fruits can be processed and utilized から the inside to the outside, and the sweetness の yellow fruits is better than that の purple fruits, which is highly accepted by the public and is mainly eaten fresh. The purple fruit taste sour, most people are difficult to accept, the price is also cheaper, is now used in processing and utilization, can save costs. The pulp can be eaten directly or used as a seasoning for salads, ice cream and other fruits, and other culinary uses include the production の fruit juice, liqueur, yogurt, jam, jelly and preserved fruits, etc. [19].

3.1 Juice

Passion fruit juice is rich in nutrients, unique flavor, special taste, is a high-品質 food processing raw materials. Passionfruit juice is のten added to other fruit juices to enhance the aroma, but because の its high acidity, need to add sugar processing into a composite product to have a better edible. At present, passion fruit juice is mainly used for processing into fruit juice compound drinks, fruit wine, fruit vinegar, dried fruit and so on. Ren Erfang et アル believe that the 品質 の dried fruit produced by adding 30% passion fruit juice is better.

A study reported that by adding to the passion fruit juice such as papaya [28], pomelo [29], pomegranate pineapple [30] and other fruit juices in the appropriate process conditions to obtain a composite beverage color uniformity, fruit aroma and coordination, sweet and sour and palatable. 製品ion の passion fruit juice of two important links are stabilization and sterilization 治療. Yang Yang et al [31] used spatial-time extinction mapping technology to determine the 効果 of different stabilizers on the stability of passionfruit juice, and found that the optimal additive ratios of the compound were 0.35% CMC-Na+0.15% agar and 0.30% CMC-Na+0.20% agar, which had the lowest settling rate and high stability of the juice. Zhu Xianghao et al [32] used ultra-high pressure to sterilize the fruit juice of passion fruit, which had a better sterilizing 効果 compared with pasteurization and extended the shelf-life of 27 d. In addition, some merchants are launching the 新しいest product of passion fruit juice, which is the first one in the world, which is the first one in the world.

In addition, some merchants are launching 中国 medicines such as wolfberry, peony and other preparation of passion fruit tea [33], not only the aroma is suitable, taste refreshing, but also has to replenish vitamins, enhance immunity, nourish the skin, anti-fatigue and other functions, loved by the people.

3.2 Seeds

The fruit of Lotus corniculatus contains about 160 seeds, the mass of which accounts for about 10% of the fruit weight. The seeds are the most protein (13.2% of DW) and lipid (14.9% of DW) rich part of the fruit of the passion flower, and contain dietary fiber similar to that of the fruit skin, with fibrillin accounting for 521 mg/g DW, and hemicellulose and lignin with lower contents of 24 and 22 mg/g DW, respectively, which means that the dietary fibers present in the seeds are mainly insoluble [34]. The intake of insoluble dietary fiber can prevent constipation and hemorrhoids, and is beneficial to weight management and intestinal health [22].

Passion flower seed oil contains a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, of which linoleic acid is the main unsaturated fatty acid, containing 69.3%, in addition to oleic acid (14.4%), palmitic acid (10.1%), and stearic acid (2.9%), which not only helps the body to remove free radicals, delay aging, but also promotes the absorption of a variety of vitamins [35]. At present, the development and utilization of passion flower seeds mainly focus on the 抽出 and processing of seed oil, the development of supercritical 抽出 and microwave 抽出 method has increased the oil yield から the seeds, and the 抽出ed seed oil is more antioxidant, with a free radical removal rate of more than 80%, which can be used in cooking and the development of whitening and anti-wrinkle efficacy of the tea cream and other functional products.

3.3 Peel

The skin of the fruit of the lotus accounts for about 51% of the wet weight of the fruit and is the main waste of processing. With the development of economy and people's awareness of environmental protection, passion fruit peel has been used in 産業. Passion fruit rind has the highest fiber content, accounting for 61.7% of the dry weight. The second is pectin, and it was found that the highest pectin content was 337 mg/g DW in the yellow fruit rind and 329 mg/g DW in the purple fruit[36]。

Some studies have shown that the amount of extracted pectin is closely related to the extraction method [34, 37]. The pectin extracted から the pericarp after optimization of the method showed similar 品質 to that of commercial pectin, with good gel-forming ability, high gel stability, good 品質 in acidic environment, and two times higher viscosity［38］. Pectin is used as a nutrient fiber delivery, gelling agent, food coating and stabilizer in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, especially in the production of candies, jellies and other products [39].

Therefore, passion fruit peels can be used for the development of new fiber-rich health foods and as a potential alternative source of commercial pectin for incorporation into different food formulations [38]. GABA, which is 関連する with antihypertensive 活動, was also detected in the methanolic extract of passion fruit rind in high concentrations (2.4-4.4 mg/g DW), and was associated with a decrease in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats [40]. It has been reported that the pericarp of the purple fruit also contains carotenoids and anthocyanin-3 glucosides. In conclusion, the skin of the fruit is a widely used functional food raw material, which can be used as a source of pectin and pharmaceutical ingredients, or added to animal feed [4].

4 Post-harvest preservation technology

Due to vigorous physiological metabolism, passion fruit after harvesting water loss is severe, the 品質 will deteriorate rapidly, the shelf life is very short. The respiratory peak occurs in the third d of postharvest storage, and the appearance and quality of the fruit begin to decline［41-42］. Teng Jing et アル showed that HDPE film (high-density polyethylene) packaging of passion fruit had better storage effect than carton, foam box, LDPE film (low-density polyethylene), aluminum foil and PVDC film (polyvinylidene chloride) [42]. 陳 et アル showed that high oxygen (90%) air-conditioned packaging could effectively inhibit the respiration and peeling of passion fruit, maintain vitamin C and solubility, increase the total 石炭酸 content of passion fruit, and improve the quality of passion fruit after picking［43］.

Chen Lifeng et アル showed that when the fruit of passion fruit was stored at 6℃ and 8℃ for 28 d, the good fruit rate could reach more than 90% [44]. Meng Xiangchun et アル showed that 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)-treated fruits stored at room 温度 for 4 d delayed the yellowing of the fruit surface, and the flavor was close to that of the freshly picked fruits stored at room 温度 for 2 d [45]. Zhong Zhiwei found that microporous packaging (MP) combined with chitosan coating (CH) could effectively reduce water loss, inhibit microbial growth, inhibit fruit weight loss, effectively improve antioxidant level, reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, and delay the degradation of original pectin, cellulose and hemifibrillin, and extend the shelf-life of peperomia fruit から 3 to 12 d at ambient storage [46]. The shelf life of passion fruit was extended from 3 d to 12 d at room temperature［46］. Luo Donglan et アル found that the combined treatment of melatonin and 1MCP was more effective than single treatment in delaying fruit aging and maintaining fruit quality during the storage period of passion fruit [47].

5 Cultivation 地位 and industrial development

Cultivation of passion flower in 中国 has a history of 100 years, dating back to 1901 [48], although it was introduced earlier, but the development of domestic passion flower 産業 is relatively late. According to incomplete statistics, in 2007, the total area of passion flower cultivation in 中国 (excluding Taiwan Province) was about 2,300 hm2, among which: Guangxi 800 hm2, Chongqing 730 hm2, Yunnan 330 hm2, Guangdong 200 hm2, Fujian 100 hm2, Hainan 70 hm2, and the rest of the country cultivated sporadically with about 100 hm2［8］. By the end of 2017, the cultivation area of Fujian passion flower was nearly 7,000 hm2, and the cultivation area of Fujian was about 1,000 hm2. At the end of 2017, the cultivated area of Fujian passion flower was nearly 7,000 hm2 , and the cultivated area was 2 times longer than that of last year［ 49］.

By the end of 2018年 the cultivated area of passion flower in Guangxi amounted to 23,534 hm2, and the output amounted to 22.0 million t, the cultivated area and output were the first in 中国, followed by Fujian and Guangdong, the cultivated area of passion flower was about 10,000 and 6,500 hm2 respectively, and the annual output amounted to 20 and 125,000 t respectively [50-51]. Yunnan ranks fourth, with a cultivated area of 3,000 hm2 and an output of 48,000 tons. The cultivated area of passion flower in Hainan Province is about 333.33 hm2, and the winter market is in the shortage season of passion flower in Guangxi and Fujian provinces and regions [52]. In 2019, the cultivated area of passion flower in Guangxi exceeds 20,000 hm2 [50]. Guizhou passion flower large-scale, commercialization planting began in 2016, the orchard area from 4,700 hm2 in 2019 to 11,200 hm2 in 2020, the planting scale jumped to the third in the country, only after Guangxi and Fujian [ 53 ].

In recent years, thanks to the development of the Internet + e-commerce platform and national policy support, the domestic passion flower 産業 development is accelerating, the emergence of large-scale commercial planting, Yunnan, as the domestic passion flower planting conditions in the best areas, but also planting the passion flower of the province with significant benefits, Dehong, Xishuangbanna, Honghe, 林cang, Yuxi, Wenshan and other areas will be the passion flower as a precise poverty reduction of the development of the 産業 focus. By the end of 2020, Dehong prefecture will have developed a total planting area of 3,800 hm2 [54]. By the end of 2020, 中国's passion flower planting area and total output will be 73,000 hm2 and 883,900 t respectively, with an increase of 21% compared with that of 2019, and the total annual output value will be 8.09 billion yuan in 2020, which is doubled compared with that of the previous year.

With the expanding market demand, the cultivated area of passion flower in 中国 has increased greatly, and the annual cultivated area of passion flower will grow at a rate of more than 20% from 2019 to 2021 [18], and the main varieties are Tainong No. 1, Zixiang No. 1, Mantianxing and Huangjin passion flower [55]. Because of the short growth cycle, long fruiting period, mountainous areas can be planted characteristics, in recent years by many counties and districts have been preferred as a project of poverty alleviation, and is now one of the important fruit 産業 of rural revitalization in the provinces of the domestic hot and sub-hot zones. Guizhou, Guangxi and other places “company + cooperative + base + farmers” and other passion flower 産業 モデル to help poor households to transfer land in the form of shares, in poverty alleviation and rural revitalization has achieved good results.

In addition to our country, in the past 10 years, the passion flower industry in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, the Philippines and other countries is also heating up rapidly, especially in Vietnam, which has developed into the largest passion flower producing area in Southeast Asia, although the management is rough, but the industrial chain is more mature, and large-scale fruit juice processing exports have been formed [56]. At present, 90% of our imported passion fruit juice comes from Vietnam, and the domestic demand for passion fruit juice is still in a state of oversupply. Generally speaking, the factors that seriously restrict the development of passion flower industry in China are mainly as follows: lack of self-developed superior varieties suitable for the local area; unsound seedling breeding system, unstandardized seedling sales market; insufficient investment in science and technology, backward supporting technology for industrial development; low 総合 utilization rate of the product, insufficient deep processing capacity [57-59].

6 Prospect

現在、China's passion flower industry has begun to take shape, but to long-term development, the government's policy guidance, financial support, input of scientific 研究 projects, deep-processing enterprises have an important 役割 in technical support. Suggestions are as follows: 1) strengthen the collection and utilization of passion flower germplasm 資源 at the beginning of the industrial chain, selecting excellent varieties; 2) establish a virus-free healthy seedling breeding system; 3) establish a standardized cultivation technology system to achieve high efficiency and productivity. In addition, in order to avoid stagnant sales and increase the value-added, but also to strengthen the post-production processing research and development, the development of deep-processed products, to extend the industrial chain, to create a brand effect. Passionfruit as a fruit industry in the “short and quick” project, has become an important hand of the government to help farmers out of poverty, it is recommended to speed up the promotion of China's passionfruit whole industry chain development, for rural revitalization to make a greater contribution.

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