食品分野におけるヒアルロン酸粉末の用途は何ですか?

people&として#39の健康志向の消費パターンは、健康と美しさのために食べる方法は、消費者のための重要な焦点となっている、進化し続けている。その結果、中国市場では健康に良い、または特定の機能を持つ新しい資源食品が次々と登場しています。新資源食品を参照食材中国で新たに開発、発見、導入されたもので、食用習慣が確立されておらず、食品安全基本的な要件を満たしているもの。ヒアルロン酸(ヒアルロン酸)はこのファミリーの新しいメンバーである。この記事では、ヒアルロン酸の経口吸収メカニズムと健康上の利点をレビューし、関連する各国のヒアルロン酸製品を紹介し、食品産業におけるヒアルロン酸の発展をサポートします。

1経口ヒアルロン酸の紹介

ヒアルロン酸 is a linear, high-molecular-weight acidic mucopolysaccharide composed of alternating units of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Commercially available hyaluronic acid is typically its sodium salt, i.e., sodium hyaluronate. Hyaluronic acid is widely distributed in biological organisms, with high concentrations in joint cavities, skin, eye vitreous humour, cartilage, umbilical cord, and rooster combs [1]. In 1934, Meyer et al. from the United States first isolated this substance from the vitreous humour of cow eyes. Hyaluronic acid possesses unique functions such as skin moisturisation, nutrition, anti-aging, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, wound healing promotion, joint function improvement, and drug delivery. It is a versatile and high-performance functional biochemical substance widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biochemistry, and health foods.

Early hyaluronic acid was primarily extracted from human umbilical cords and chicken combs; however, limited raw material sources restricted production scale. With the continuous maturation of fermentation-based hyaluronic acid production technology, hyaluronic acid production has undergone a series of transformations from raw materials to technology, and hyaluronic acid has gradually evolved from an expensive ‘rare substance’ into a functional ingredient widely recognised by consumers.

As a natural component of living organisms, hyaluronic acid, though present in only 15 g in the normal human body, plays a crucial role in maintaining normal bodily functions and delaying aging. Hyaluronic acid content is highest during the embryonic stage, reaching 20 times that of adult tissues, and decreases gradually with age. If the relative hyaluronic acid content in the human body at age 20 is set at 100%, it decreases to 65%, 45%, and 25% by ages 30, 50, and 60, respectively. Hyaluronic acid levels also vary among individuals of the same age, with those suffering from premature aging showing significantly lower levels and exhibiting various signs of aging [2]. The conversion rate of hyaluronic acid in mammals is extremely high. A decrease in hyaluronic acid can lead to various issues such as arthritis, skin aging, increased wrinkles, and presbyopia [3]. Therefore, the level of hyaluronic acid in the body can be regarded as a measure of the degree of human aging. Currently, it is believed that oral supplementation of hyaluronic acid to replenish endogenous hyaluronic acid is an effective approach for beauty, health, and longevity.

In China, the primary application areas of hyaluronic acid are concentrated in the pharmaceutical, clinical diagnosis and treatment, and cosmetics industries, accounting for over 98% of total usage [4]. Its application in food is still in its infancy, with limited reports available. Research on the use of hyaluronic acid in food first emerged in Japan, where official institutions have affirmed the safety of both extraction and fermentation methods for producing hyaluronic acid. Animal experiments have shown that hyaluronic acid is non-antigenic, and potential allergic reactions to hyaluronic acid in the human body are negative [5]. Acute toxicity experiments on rats indicated that oral administration of 500 mg/kg body weight of hyaluronic acid showed no antigenicity, no allergic reactions, and no teratogenic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic effects [6]. Oral experiments have shown that hyaluronic acid is practically non-toxic [7]. Since hyaluronic acid is a natural component of the human body and hyaluronic acid produced by different processes has no species differences, oral administration of hyaluronic acid has a high safety profile.

1980年代後半にoral hyaluronic acid beauty and health supplements first appeared in Japan. The theoretical basis is that after oral administration, hyaluronic acid is digested and absorbed, increasing the precursors for hyaluronic acid synthesis in the body, thereby raising hyaluronic acid levels and concentrating them in skin tissue. This enhances the skin'の水分保持能力は、肌を柔らかく'のケラチン層、およびしわを減らしながら、皮膚の弾力性を向上させます[8-9]。皮膚にのみ作用するヒアルロン酸を含む化粧品とは異なり's表面局所的な保湿を提供するために、経口ヒアルロン酸は、体内の外因性ヒアルロン酸の分解、吸収、および再合成を通じて作用し、それによって内因性ヒアルロン酸レベルを高め、全体的な美しさと健康上の利点を達成します。

2経口ヒアルロン酸の吸収機構

To date, through subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous administration, the local metabolism of hyaluronic acid in various tissues except the brain has been basically understood. However, due to the presence of endogenous hyaluronic acid, accurately measuring the absorption of exogenous hyaluronic acid is challenging, so pharmacokinetic studies on oral hyaluronic acid are still insufficient.

Jiang Qiuyan et al. [10] conducted an oral hyaluronic acid experiment in rats via gastric lavage, with a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight and a hyaluronic acid concentration of 0.6%. The experimental results showed a biphasic drug-time curve: a significant peak appeared approximately 2 hours after administration, followed by a decline in concentration between 2 and 4 hours, and a steady increase between 4 and 13hours. This phenomenon was explained as follows: the peak at approximately 2 hours was primarily due to the absorption of exogenous hyaluronic acid in a non-monosaccharide form by the body, while the peak after 4 hours was attributed to the degradation of exogenous hyaluronic acid into two monosaccharides, followed by their resynthesis within the body. After continuous oral administration of hyaluronic acid for 7 days and 30 days in rats, serum hyaluronic acid concentrations were measured. Compared with the control group, the free hyaluronic acid content in the skin was significantly increased after 30 days of continuous oral administration, indicating that hyaluronic acid can be concentrated in tissues with high hyaluronic acid content after oral administration and participate in the metabolism of hyaluronic acid in these tissues. Further animal experiments showed that after 30 days of oral administration of hyaluronic acid, the hyaluronic acid content in joint synovial fluid and skin was significantly increased in rats.

Lajos et al. [11] labelled hyaluronic acid with radioactive technetium and investigated its metabolism in Wistar rats and Beagle dogs. After 72 hours, the radioactivity in rat excreta decreased to 5%, with detectable radioactivity in blood, muscle, thyroid, and bone. Peak radioactivity was observed 4–6hours after oral administration, and both rats and dogs showed radioactivity in shoulder joint and spinal fluid 4 hours post-administration. These findings indicate that hyaluronic acid is absorbed by the body and distributed to organs and joints after oral administration.

The absorption, metabolism, and resynthesis of hyaluronic acid are complex biochemical processes, particularly the absorption process. Hyaluronic acid is a linear, straight-chain macromolecule, so its absorption mechanism cannot be explained using the conventional biochemical principles governing the absorption of spherical molecules. It is generally believed that the human body can only absorb macromolecules with a molecular weight (Mr) of approximately 10,000. However, for the absorption of polysaccharides, additional factors such as the spatial conformation of the substance, its water solubility, and whether it is easily hydrolysed in the intestine must also be considered. For hyaluronic acid, its excellent water solubility and linear molecular structure, which facilitates absorption, make its absorption in the human body possible. Animal experiments have confirmed this through oral absorption data in the stomach; the results indicate that absorption efficiency is correlated with the Mr of the administered dose, suggesting that hyaluronic acid may also be absorbed in non-monosaccharide forms after oral administration. Additionally, the absorption of hyaluronic acid in the body is also related to the final formulation of the food product. Since hyaluronic acid is a large molecular polymer, its disintegration and dissolution processes in the human body also influence its bioavailability.

3  経口ヒアルロン酸の有効性に関する研究

3.1 美容と健康上の利点

The dermis of the human body is primarily composed of collagen. Skin aging is caused by changes in collagen, which are attributed to a reduction in hyaluronic acid, a component with hydrating properties. The content of hyaluronic acid in the human body is in a dynamic equilibrium process. In a healthy individual, there are both degradation and synthesis reactions of hyaluronic acid. As age increases, this dynamic equilibrium is gradually disrupted, leading to a decrease in hyaluronic acid content and the gradual appearance of aging signs. Therefore, oral supplementation of exogenous hyaluronic acid to increase its synthesis in the body has become a key strategy for delaying aging.

Pang Xiaoyang et al. [12] conducted human efficacy trials using a skin-moisturising and beauty product formulated with chicken comb extract and other ingredients. The product was administered once daily at a dose of 4 capsules for 30 days. Compared with their own baseline and the control group, the skin moisture levels of the test subjects were significantly improved. Yamamoto [8] conducted a human clinical study showing that after taking hyaluronic acid products (ECM-E) for 3–24 days, most test subjects had smoother and more moisturised skin, with aesthetic effects observed on the face and throughout the body.

華西古田生命工学有限公司は、皮膚の水分を改善するための人体機能試験を実施しました。試験群および対照群は、それぞれ52名の参加者で構成され、投与されたhyaluronic acid capsules (20 mg per capsule) and placebo, respectively, twice daily at 3 capsules per dose, for 45 consecutive days. The results showed that skin moisture levels in the trial group significantly increased after the trial, with significant differences compared to pre-trial levels and significant differences compared to the control group. After taking hyaluronic acid capsules, all test indicators were within normal ranges, and no allergic reactions or other adverse effects were observed, confirming the safety and efficacy of this product.

3.2関節機能と骨粗しょう症の改善

Japanese Q.P. Company [13] conducted a double-blind trial with 37 volunteers aged over 40 years old in the United States, using a placebo as the control group. Participants were administered 200 mg of high-purity hyaluronic acid daily, for 8 weeks. Joint pain changes were evaluated using the Western Ontario and Ontario Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score. The results indicated that hyaluronic acid effectively alleviated joint pain. Leneau et al. [14] also conducted related experiments, confirming that oral hyaluronic acid effectively alleviates arthritis symptoms and protects joint function.

Osteoporosis is the result of a long-term disruption of the balance between bone resorption and bone deposition. Stancikova et al. [15] studied the effects of oral administration of two Mr (1.62 × 10⁶ and 0.75 × 10⁶) and three doses (150, 500, 1000 μg/kg body weight) of hyaluronic acid on an ovariectomised osteoporosis animal model, After four weeks of continuous oral administration, all three high-Mr dose groups and the high-dose low-Mr group reduced the levels of bone resorption markers pyridinoline and deoxypyridinol in urine to normal levels, increased bone density, and the efficacy was dependent on the Mr and dose of orally administered hyaluronic acid.

3.3胃粘膜損傷の修復

Huaxi Furuida Biotechnology Co., Ltd. investigated the effects of oral hyaluronic acid on chronic gastric ulcers using a rat gastric injury animal model. The hyaluronic acid dose was 45 mg/kg, with potassium citrate bismuth (BPC) as the positive control at 45 mg/kg, and physiological saline (NS) as the negative control at 10 mg/kg. Ulcer area changes were measured as the ulcer index. After 5 days of administration, there was no significant difference in ulcer area between the hyaluronic acid group and the BPC group compared to the NS control group. After 10 days of administration, the ulcer areas in the BPC and hyaluronic acid groups were smaller than those in the NS control group (P < 0.05), indicating that hyaluronic acid promotes ulcer healing with effects similar to those of BPC, suggesting that hyaluronic acid has a protective effect on the gastric mucosa and can repair damaged gastric mucosa.

3.4効果がある点

With the increasing complexity and diversity of human health issues, research on the effects of oral hyaluronic acid has extended to many related fields, including promoting wound healing [16], improving cardiovascular function [17], alleviating symptoms of osteoarthritis [18], enhancing immune function [19], and promoting angiogenesis [20], all of which have yielded satisfactory results.

4ヒアルロン酸を含む食品の市場分析

The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare conducted a safety assessment of 489 food additives, including hyaluronic acid, and included hyaluronic acid in its list of food additives. In 2009, the Japanese Health and Nutrition Food Association established industry standards for hyaluronic acid in foods, affirming its safety for consumption. South Korea has approved hyaluronic acid as a food additive for use in food manufacturing. The United States, China, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Czech Republic, and other countries have also launched multiple hyaluronic acid-containing food products, indicating that hyaluronic acid as a food ingredient has been recognised in multiple countries.

日本4.1

Currently, hyaluronic acid-containing food products in Japan are categorised into two types: health functional foods (health foods) and general foods. A brief introduction to some products is provided below.

4.1.1健康機能食品(健康食品)

MAX Hyaluronic Acid produced by Beauty and Health Co., Ltd. contains water-soluble collagen protein and hyaluronic acid as its active ingredients, primarily used for hydration and enhancing skin elasticity. Collagen Oral Solution developed and produced by Shiseido contains small-molecule fish collagen protein and hyaluronic acid as its main components. Qusai Co., Ltd. produces a powder that can be added to beverages—Hyaluronic Acid Collagen Protein—whose main components are collagen protein, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate-containing mucopolysaccharide proteins. Two health foods under the Japanese DHC brand primarily contain hyaluronic acid and fish collagen protein, accounting for the top two sales positions among the brand&#健康食品39;sいる。さらに、体重を減らす健康食品にもヒアルロン酸が含まれています。

一般4.1.2食品

Japan also offers a variety of general foods containing hyaluronic acid, including beverages, yogurt, chewing gum, jam, jelly, salad dressing, tea powder, egg soup mix, honey, soft candy, noodles, and green tea. A jelly-like sports nutrition product with collagen and hyaluronic acid as its active ingredients is primarily used to replenish nutrients lost from the skin over time and is widely available in supermarkets. Additionally, Meiji Seika Co., Ltd. produces a hyaluronic acid-containing jelly.

Japan New Drug Co., Ltd. has launched a bottled beverage containing hyaluronic acid, with main ingredients including hyaluronic acid, fruit juice, acidity regulators, and cherry plum; Japan Mandai Fermentation Co., Ltd. has introduced a bottled beverage containing hyaluronic acid, with main ingredients including hyaluronic acid, fruit juice, water-soluble collagen protein, plant fermentation extracts, coenzyme Q10, and vitamin B; DyDo Co., Ltd. has launched a hyaluronic acid-containing beverage, with main ingredients including hyaluronic acid, collagen, and ceramides. Kracie Food Co., Ltd. has introduced several hyaluronic acid-containing chewing gums and soft candies. Kikkoman Co., Ltd. has launched hyaluronic acid-containing jams and salad dressings. Aoi Seicha Co., Ltd. also produces green tea containing hyaluronic acid.

米国4.2

In the United States, hyaluronic acid-containing foods are primarily dietary supplements, with their main functions focused on improving skin and joint health. Nutritional Specialties produces Life Time capsules, which contain 140 mg of hyaluronic acid and are primarily used to maintain hydration and lubricate joints. Nutraceutical International produces Solaray capsules, whose main ingredients include 20 mg of hyaluronic acid, 50 mg of vitamin C, as well as cellulose, triethylglycol, silica, and magnesium stearate. Purity Products'vital-hyaluronic acid softgelsは50 mgのヒアルロン酸と、ビタミンa、c、e、b6、b12、コラーゲンタンパク質、コエンザイムq10、エイコサペンタエン酸(epa)、ドコサヘキサエン酸(dha)、および他の物質を含んでいる;Purity' sアルティメットh . a .フォーミュラカプセルは、他の成分の中でヒアルロン酸とコンドロイチン硫酸を含んでいます。

NBTY' s Doctor'sの信頼ヒアルロン酸カプセルは、ヒアルロン酸50 mgを主成分として、リン酸水素カルシウム無水、リン酸マグネシウム、ステアリン酸、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、およびシリカを含みます。カリフォルニアNatural'sヒアルロン酸配合は、500 mgのタイプiiコラーゲン、ヒアルロン酸50 mg、コンドロイチン硫酸100 mgを含んでいます。ソースNaturals'ヒアルロン酸(タブレット)ヒアルロン酸、コンドロイチン硫酸、およびが含まれています第二種コラーゲン。NeoCell'の深海魚のコラーゲンタンパク+ヒアルロン酸カプセルは、主に皮膚の抗しわと保湿の目的のために使用され、消費者の間で広く人気があります。

4.3中国

2008年5月、国家保健省は「新資源食品管理管理措置」に基づき、ヒアルロン酸ナトリウムを新資源として承認すると発表した健康食品に使用するための食品成分。この発表は、中国におけるヒアルロン酸の応用を促進します'の健康食品部門。現在、中国におけるヒアルロン酸含有食品は主に健康食品であり、主な効果は皮膚の水分補給を改善することです。食品原料としての歴史が比較的短いため、中国で販売されているヒアルロン酸を含む食品の種類は限られています。

2012年、北京同仁堂健康薬品有限公司#39;s “Tongrentang Brand Hyaluronic Acid Marine Fish Collagen Peptide Powder (Apple Flavour, Orange Flavour)” was approved for registration by the China Food and Drug Administration, primarily for improving skin moisture and antioxidant properties.

同年、上海金浩健康食品有限公司#39; s」Shann'er Brand Collagen Protein Hyaluronic Acid Vitamin C Powder” was also approved, with its primary function being to improve skin hydration.

他国4.4

In South Korea, Lotte Company launched beverages containing hyaluronic acid and V12 vitamin water; Nanyang Industrial Company launched tea beverages containing hyaluronic acid. In Canada, Health & Beauty Company; in the United Kingdom, Higher Nature Company; and in the Czech Republic, Nutrend Company launched powdered supplements containing hyaluronic acid. In Malaysia, I-deal Company launched beauty beverages containing hyaluronic acid.

It is evident that the use of hyaluronic acid in health supplements (health foods) and general foods is already widespread in countries such as Japan, the United States, and South Korea, and has been widely accepted by consumers.

4.5ヒアルロン酸サプリメントの処方

4.5.1錠剤

Tablets are the earliest dosage form for hyaluronic acid health supplements. During production, they typically include other nutrients and excipients such as collagen, elastin, vitamin C, and crystalline cellulose. This dosage form is commonly found in products from Japan and the United States, typically targeting beauty, nutrition, and anti-aging functions.

4.5.2カプセル

Currently, capsules are the most common dosage form for hyaluronic acid health supplements available on the market. They are often combined with nutrients such as collagen, vitamins, chondroitin sulfate, and plant extracts. Soft capsules are generally more expensive, with the capsule containing a mixture of oily liquids, often including fat-soluble vitamins, lecithin, EPA, and hyaluronic acid, among other nutrients. Hyaluronic acid exists in a suspension state within the capsule. Products in this formulation are primarily targeted at beauty, nutrition, and anti-ageing health benefits.

4.5.3口頭液体

ヒアルロン酸を含む経口液体製剤は、最近導入された製品です。ヒアルロン酸は溶解した状態で存在するため、摂取後に吸収され、代謝されます。このような製品は、「syno-vital h2o」や「synthovial 7」など、関節の健康に関連する健康上の利点のために海外に配置されていることは注目に値します。

粉末4.5.4作成や

Another recent trend is oral powder formulations containing hyaluronic acid, which are characterised by easy solubility and absorption. The oral efficacy of these products is often positioned for beauty and health, such as skin hydration, with examples including ‘Tong Ren Tang Hyaluronic Acid Marine Fish Collagen Peptide Powder,’ which has been approved for sale in China.

5 oligomericヒアルロン酸

ヒアルロン酸の活性はその分子量(mr)に関係しているため、mr値が異なるヒアルロン酸は全く逆の活性を示すことがあります。そのため、世界各国ではヒアルロン酸の分解・分解製品に着目し、低分子ヒアルロン酸の研究開発を強化していますoligomericヒアルロン酸(Oligo-hyaluronic酸)。特に、オリゴヒアルロン酸はmrが10,000以下で、単糖残基数が2 - 40(通常は4 - 16)のヒアルロン酸分子の断片である。その性質は、通常のヒアルロン酸とは大きく異なります[21]。mrが小さいため、オリゴヒアルロン酸は溶解速度が速く、生物学的利用能も優れています。

ヒアルロン酸が加水分解されてより小さな断片になると、腸内で吸収されやすくなります。吸収後、内因性酵素の作用により、特定の部位でヒアルロン酸に再合成されます。日本新薬は、mr3000でオリゴヒアルロン酸の経口効果を検討した。参加者管理ヒアルロン酸、長嶋3000と1.2×10⁴⁴を×10社ずつ40×10⁴100×10口頭⁴は4週間日常ドース50 mg、100 mg。その結果、経口オリゴヒアルロン酸群の皮膚水分含量は、他の群や被験者に比べて有意に高かった'皮膚の小じわが減少し、皮膚のハリが強化され、100 mgの用量群でより顕著な効果が示された。したがって、研究者は、120 - 240 mgの毎日の摂取量を使用して、と結論付けましたhigh-molecular-weightヒアルロン酸一例として、小腸の粘膜透過性が良く、オリゴヒアルロン酸の吸収と使用率が高いため、1日の摂取量を50 ~ 100 mgまで減らすことができます。

6  展望

Currently, the variety and sales volume of health supplements containing hyaluronic acid are growing rapidly in both domestic and international markets. It is worth noting that currently available health supplements containing hyaluronic acid are primarily targeted at beauty, nutrition, and joint health. As research into the efficacy of oral hyaluronic acid continues to deepen, more new products with different functionalities are expected to emerge.

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