ギンセノシドrg5とは?

人参 is known as の“king のherbs” とis one ののtraditional Chinese precious herbs [1]. It has のsignificant 効果にtreating low body immunity [2], neurodegeneratiに[3], がん[4, 5], cardiovascular disease [6], etc. Ginsenosides are the maでactive ingredients のginseng. More than 80 different types のginsenosidemonomers have been isolated から人参根[7]. In recent years, a large number のstudies have been conducted at home とabroad にthe 薬理作用effects とmolecular mechanisms のginsenosides.

人参saponでRg5is one のthe maでcomponents の赤いginseng。1996年に韓国の研究チームによって初めて単離された[8]。2時間は二次的な■サポニン得られて分解protopanaxadiolグループsaponinsRb1、Rb2、Rb3、Rc、Rd (PPDsaponinsと呼ばれる)高麗人参そしてをstereoselective脱水することによって導出され副saponins[9](図1参照)。で臨床試験動物研究に人間になったのはかなりRg5は効果を減らすcisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity[10]、抗癌[11]剤として向上肺炎症[12]メモリ[13]安全性にも優れています近年、ギンセノシドrg5ががん、炎症、記憶などに効果があることから、rg5の研究が進んでいる。本論文では、主にギンセノシドrg5の調製、分離、薬理活性の観点から、国内外の研究を概観する。

1ギンセノシドrg5の調製法

Ginsenoside Rg5高麗人参や高麗人参[14]などの加工品に微量に含まれています。現在、国内外で希少なギンセノシドrg5モノマーの調製に関する研究は比較的少ない。伝統的な製法は、人参を加熱して加工した後、ギンセノシドrg5を抽出・単離する。ギンセノシドの単離・調製技術や物理的・化学的性質に関する研究の進展に伴い、人参粉末から直接ギンセノシドrg5を抽出したり、ppdギンセノシドの構造を改変してギンセノシドrg5を調製する試みが徐々に行われてきた(図2参照)。

1. 1加工した高麗人参を原料とする準備

1. 1. 1銀蒸法の加工方法

汉方medicine 処理methods have been developed over thousands のyears とinclude steaming, roasting, boiling, soaking でwine, vinegar or other liquids, etc. The enhanced pharmacological activity の蒸し人参may be due にthe generation の少ない極地ginsenosidesRg3, Rk1とRg5[15]. Raw fresh 人参can be dried under different conditions にproduce 処理ginseng とdifferent amounts のrare ginsenosides, such as white ginseng, 赤いginseng, black ginseng (also known as purple ginseng), とsun ginseng.

Red ginseng is processed ginseng made によって蒸しfresh ginseng at 95–100 °Cfor 3 h とdrying at 50–60 °C[16]. KIM et al. [17] used water とmethanol solutions with 70% と100% volume fractions were used for direct ultrasonic extraction or 赤いginseng was soaked でwater for 2 h とthen extracted with 100% methanol for 3 h. Ginsenoside Rg5was not detected でany のthe four extraction methods. KWON et al. [18] steamed fresh ginseng at 120 °C for 3 h, then extracted with methanol によってreflux for 6 h. The contents の20 (S)-Rg3, 20 (R)-Rg3, r21とRg5でthe ginseng 抽出were significantly increased, とthe content のRg5reached 3.3% のthe ginseng extract. KIM et al. [19] studied the effects のdifferent steaming temperatures on the chemical composition とbiological activity のginseng. fresh ginseng was steamed at 100 °C, 110 °C and 120 °C, respectively. The results showed that the content のginsenosidesRg3and Rg5でginseng steamed at 120 °C was the highest, accounting for 39% and 19% のthe total saponでmass, respectively. The fact that Rg5was not detected でred ginseng and that its content increased when the processing temperature was raised indicates that, withでa certain range, an increase in temperature is conducive にthe production のthe rare ginsenosideRg5.

Using fresh ginseng as raw material and drying it at 55 °C for 7 days, white ginseng with a total water content のless than 14% can be obtained. The re-sultant ginseng is obtained によってsteaming the white ginseng at 98 °C for 30 h, drying at 50 °C for 24 h, and then steaming at intervals の5 h for 30–45 h, and drying again [20]. Liquid chromatography analysis のthe ginsenosidecontent between the main 根and 繊維質root のginseng revealed that steaming the fibrous root produced more Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5than the main root. In terms of the effect of steaming time, between 60 and 70 h, the content of rare ginsenosidesgradually increased with the extension of steaming time, but when the steaming time was further extended, the content of rare ginsenosidesdecreased slightly. At this time, the content of newly generated ginsenosides20 (S) -Rg3, 20 (R) -Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5was 2.398%, 1.501%, 1.136%, and 1.756%, respectively. The experimental results show that, within a certain time frame, long steaming is more conducive to the production ginsenosidesのRg3, Rk1 and Rg5. This steaming method is of great significance for the efficient preparation of ginsenosides.

Black ginseng is processed ginseng that is made によってsteaming fresh ginseng at 97 °C for 3 h, drying at 60 °C, steaming and drying repeatedly for nine times [21]. SHIN et al. [16] found that the content of the main ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rg1 in black ginseng is significantly lower than that in red ginseng. In contrast, the rare ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5were found to be significantly higher than those in red ginseng, with the total content of Rk1 and Rg5 reaching 14.2% of the total ginsenosides.

Xianshen is a processed ginseng made によってheating white ginseng at 120 °C for 3 h [22]. Xianshen was extracted によってrefluxing with methanol at 70 °C for 2 h. Analysis showed that the total saponin content of the xianshen extract was about 10% によってmass, and was mainly composed of saponins Rb1, Rc, Rb2, 20 (S) -Rg3, 20 (R) -Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5. Among these, the low-polarity rare ginseng saponins represented by ginsenoside Rg5(22.8% of total saponins) account for 70% of the total ginseng saponins.

新鮮な高麗人参の加工方法が違うためred ginseng, white ginseng, black ginseng and xianshen produce different distributions of ginsenosides. During the steaming process, appropriately increasing the steaming and drying temperature or extending the time is conducive to the production of more rare ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5.

In addition to ginseng, other ginseng plants such as American ginseng and 三notoginseng can also be used to prepare ginsenoside Rg5by steaming. For example, Panax notoginseng roots are steamed at 120 °C for 12 h at a pressure of 0.12 MPa to obtain processed Panax notoginseng. Processed Panax notoginseng root was extracted with an 80% methanol aqueous solution at room temperature, and the content of Rg5 in each gram of Panax notoginseng root powder was 0.287% [14].

The steaming process promoted the 変換of ginsenosides から主要ginsenosides to secondary ginsenosides. This is consistent with previous reports of the appearance of new ginsenosides such as Rk1, Rg5, and Rg3under high temperature conditions [23], but the steaming method has disadvantages such as poor targeting, low efficiency, and long processing times, and further improvement is needed.

1. 1. 2吟醸蒸し・パフ加工の加工方法

The puffing method is a method of changing the physical and chemical 文化財of food を通じてheat compression. High-temperature puffing for a short period of time can cause physical and chemical changes in food and Chinese herbal medicines. After puffing, the extraction rate of ginseng and the content of crude saponins are both increased, and it contains more ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5 and Rk1 [24-25]. White ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng samples were mixed with rice [m (ginseng): m (rice) = 1:4] and the mixture was heated in a traditional rotary expander. When the chamber pressure reached 490 kPa, the valve was opened to reduce the pressure to 196 kPa, and the chamber was reheated to 784 kPa to obtain the 膨らませるginseng sample [26]. According to the data, several polar ginsenosides are converted into low-molecular-weight non-polar rare ginsenosides during the roasting process of ginseng. According to the HPLC chromatogram, the contents of rare ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 in white ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng are 17.2%, 18.5%, and 16.1% of the total ginsenosides, respectively, indicating that the puffing process can greatly change the distribution of ginsenosides in white ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng. It is a processing method for ginseng with a high conversion rate of ginsenosides, a short processing time, and low energy consumption [16].

1. 2高麗人参粉末を原料とする準備

huang et al. [27] usedginseng powder as a raw material and prepared ginsenosides Rg5 and Rg3 from protopanaxadiolsaponins by tartaric acid induction, and used extended column adsorption chromatography to separate ginsenosides Rg5 and Rg3. The experimental results showed that 10 g of ginseng powder was extracted by ultrasound with 0.8 mol·L-1 D, L-tartaric acid in an aqueous ethanol solution with a volume fraction of 10%, and separated by column chromatography. obtaining 22.2 mg of Rg3 with a purity of 14.6% and 13.3 mg of Rg5 with a purity of 11.9%. Compared with the conventional method, the preparation time is significantly shortened, but the yield of Rg5 is low. Guo et al. [28–29] used ginseng root powder as a raw material, hydrochloric acid as a catalyst, and a microwave-assistedmethod to directly extract the rare ginsenoside Rg5 from ginseng root powder. A response surface was used to optimize the extraction method of ginsenosides, and the optimal extraction process conditions were obtained as follows: extraction power 500 W, the acid concentration of the extraction solution was 0.12 mol·L-1, the solid-liquid ratio was 1:42 (g·mL-1), and the extraction time was 9 min. At this time, the yield ginsenosideのRg5 was 3.14% (calculated based on the 大量of the ginseng root powder). A recent report by WANG et al. [30] shows that 3.05% Rg5 per gram of black ginseng can be obtained by weighing 10.0 g of black ginseng powder, dissolving it in 1.5 Lof 0.1% formic acid solution, and steaming it in an autoclave at 120 °C for 2 h.

Compared with the traditional steaming process for extracting and separating ginsenoside Rg5, the direct preparation of ginsenoside Rg5 from ginseng powder as a raw material significantly shortens the preparation time, improves efficiency, and is highly targeted. It is an ideal preparation method for ginsenoside Rg5.

1.3プロトパナキサジオール基サポニンを原料とした調製

Guan et al. [31] prepared ginsenoside Rg5 by acid treatment of ginsenoside Rb1. Using 300 mg of ginsenoside Rb1 powder as the raw material, 0.05% acid by volume and 50% ethanol solution by volume were added, reacted under 0.12 MPa for 2 h to obtain rare ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 with a yield of 19.88%. SUN et al. [32] used lemon as a catalyst and protopanaxadiol(PPD) as a raw material to prepare rare ginsenoside Rg5 with a yield of 21.53%. Lemon contains citric acid and malic acid, which can be used to catalyze PPD. It has the advantages of low cost, easy operation, and environmental friendliness. また、LIU et al. [33] optimized the process conditions for the preparation of the rare ginsenoside Rg5 by microwave-assisted degradation of Panax notoginseng stem and leaf total saponins using a response surface method. When the microwave power was 540 W, the microwave temperature was 153 °C, and microwave time 20 min, the yield of Rg5 can reach 43.07%. This method can quickly prepare ginsenoside Rg5 with a relatively high yield.

現在最も一般的に用いられているのは、加工された高麗人参から希少なギンセノシドrg5を抽出する方法であるが、抽出時間が長く、抽出効率が低い。これに比べて人参の皮むき工程は時間が短縮され、変換率が高いというメリットがある。高麗人参の粉を直接抽出して準備するginsenoside Rg5 準備時間を大幅に短縮することができ、rg5の収率は比較的高い。ギンセノシドrg5を調製するための便利で効率的な方法です。プロトパナキサジオールからrg5を抽出することは操作が簡単で、反応時間が短く、収率が高い。現在、ギンセノシドrg5を高含有量で生産するための最良の選択肢です。

2. ギンセノシドrg5の分離

As 研究into the pharmacological activity of ginsenoside Rg5 gradually progresses, the primary consideration is how to isolate and purify Rg5 to obtain a high-purity Rg5 monomer. This is of great research significance for the industrial production of ginsenoside Rg5 and its アプリケーションin various fields.

2.1分取液体クロマトグラフィー分離

分取液体クロマトグラフィーは、バイオ医薬品や天然物の分析に広く使用されています。これは、有機化合物を分離するための迅速かつ効果的なツールであり、ますます成熟し、広く使用されています。kim[8]らはジンセノシドrg5を分離精製するために分取液体クロマトグラフィーを用いた。250 g紅参粉メタノール抽出物を採取し、水とn-ブタノールの混合物で抽出し、回転蒸着法で114gのn-ブタノール抽出物を得た。紅参粉末のn-ブタノール抽出物をchcl3-meoh-h2o(10:3:1→9:3:1)およびn-buoh-etoac-h2o(10:10:0.5)を溶離液としたシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで分離し,250 mgの粗サポニンを得た。さらに分取液クロマトグラフィー[ch3 cn-h2 o (v: v =4:6)、流量2.5 ml・min-1]を用いて高純度rg5を得ることができます。

2017年、wangら[30]は中和したmethanol extract of 10 g of black ginseng powder with saturated NaHCO3, extracted with water-saturated n-butanol, removed the solvent at 45 °C, and passed the residue を通じてa silica gel column with CHCl3-MeOH(V:V= 8.5:1.5). obtaining a mixture of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5. The mixture was then separated using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography [MeOH: H2 O (V:V = 65:35), flow rate 2.5 mL·min-1] to obtain Rg5 with a purity of 98.0%. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography can quickly obtain high-purity components. Compared with other methods, it has the advantages of being convenient and fast, and it has a better effect on the separation of Rg5.

2.2カラムクロマトグラフィー分離

Column chromatography is generally used to purify and separate organic or inorganic substances. Kim et al. [34] extracted the black ginseng root with ethanol, filtered, concentrated the ethanol extract in a rotary evaporator, degreased with ether, extracted with water-saturated n-butanol, and then subjected to column chromatography with CHCl3-MeOH-H2O (70:30:4) as the mobile phase to to obtain subfractions F1-F5. 2.59 g of subfraction F4 was further separated by reverse-phase column chromatography (60% acetonitrile) using 500 g of C-18 packing material to obtain 0.19 g of ginsenoside Rg5. GU et al. [14] used a methanol extract of Panax notoginseng obtained 2. 12 kg of total saponins by chromatographicdesugarization on a D101 column. Column chromatography was performed using CHCl3 -MeOH-H2 O (85:15:1→75:25:2) as the eluent to obtain eight components A-H. Component Bwas separated by RP-18 CC (MeOHH2 O, 1:1→9:1) to obtain five sub-fractions B1-B5. Fraction B1 was purified by RP-18 CC (MeOH-H2 O, V:V=7:3), and recrystallized in MeOH-H2 O (V:V = 75:25) to obtain 43 g of ginsenoside Rg5.

 2017年にguoら[29]は、rg5の酸加水分解からrg5を調製した人参根粉次に、溶離液としてchcl3 -meoh (v: v = 8.5:1.5)を用いたシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーを行い、85.31%の純度でギンセノシドrg5生成物を得る。これはrg5モノマーの予備研究のための簡単で実行可能な方法を提供します。カラムクロマトグラフィーは、分離・分析の重要な方法として、操作が簡単で、高効率で、大量処理が可能であるという利点があります。クロマトグラフィー技術の応用と発展に伴い、カラムクロマトグラフィーの役割はますます拡大しています。

3薬理活動

Ginseng is considered to be an herb that prolongs life, and ginseng and Chinese medicinal formulas containing ginseng ingredients are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. At present, research on the efficacy of ginsenoside Rg5 is still in its infancy. With the gradual maturity of modern separation and analysis techniques, ginsenoside Rg5 has been found to have many pharmacological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory, improving memory, anti-うつ病, and promoting cell growth.

3.1抗がん効果

がん予防におけるギンセノシドの役割が確立されている。高麗人参の抗腫瘍効果は、主にがん細胞のアポトーシスと転移を誘導するギンセノシドによるものだ。研究によるとginsenoside Rg5 can inhibit the proliferation of various がんcells, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and is a promising anti-tumor drug.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women. According to statistics, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women. In China, the incidence of breast cancer is increasing year by year and the age of patients is getting younger. In 2014, Kim et al. [34] extracted Rg5 from the root of black ginseng乳がん細胞mcf-7を用いて抗がん活性を調べました細胞周期法とウェスタンブロット法を用いてrg5の抗がん機構を解析しました。rg5が細胞生存率を低下させるかどうかを判断するために、フローサイトメトリーを用いて細胞を二重染色して分析しました。その結果、rg5は、細胞周期タンパク質および関連するアポトーシスタンパク質を調節することで、g0 / g1期の乳がん細胞の細胞周期停止とアポトーシスを促進することを示しました。

liangら[35]はそれを発見したginsenoside Rg5 をDNA damage in cancer cells. The test results showed that the degree of DNA damage is directly proportional to the concentration of Rg5, and that the increase in Rg5 concentration exacerbates DNA damage. Ginsenoside Rg5 was found to have significant genotoxicity in HeLa and MS751 cervical cancer cells, indicating its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for cervical cancer cells. In cervical cancer cells, Rg5 blocks the transformation of the cancer cell cycle by reducing cyclin-dependent キナーゼactivity.

ZHANG et al. [36] treated 食道cancer Eca109 cells with different concentrations of ginsenoside Rg524時間、ミトコンドリア膜電位の低下、細胞質の遊離カルシウム濃度の上昇、およびアポトーシスの有意な増加を観察した。ギンセノシドrg5はpi3k / aktシグナル伝達経路の活性を阻害することによってヒト食道がん細胞eca-109の増殖を阻害する。rg5は、ホスホイノシチド3キナーゼおよびホスホプロテインキナーゼbシグナル伝達経路を通じてヒト食道がん細胞にアポトーシスを誘導し、アポトーシス速度はrg5作用の持続時間および濃度に正比例する[37-38]。

L私et al. [39-40] found that ginsenoside Rg5 inhibited the 侵攻and 移住of 胃cancer BGC-823cells. The proliferation and アポトーシスをof gastric cancer BGC-823 cells, apoptosis-related factors and Bcl-2-related タンパク質expression were all regulated by Rg5. Compared with the blank group, the Bcl-2protein expression in the high-concentration Rg5 group was reduced (P<0.05), indicating that ginsenoside Rg5 can effectively inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells.

マイクロ波支援プロセスは抽出物中のギンセノシドの構造変換を効果的に改善し、rg3、rg5、rk1の含有量が著しく増加する。特にrg5とrk1の方が薬効が高い[41]。希少なギンセノシドrg5とrk1の含有量はマイクロ波時間に比例して増加する。マイクロ波放射の60分後の量ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 produced reached a maximum. Treatment with these ginsenosides on five 人間cancer cell lines showed that an increase in the amount of Rg5 and Rk1 significantly enhanced the 抑制and anti-proliferation of cancer cells.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) to chemotherapeutic drugs remains a major challenge in clinical cancer treatment. When tumor cells become resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs, they kill both cancer cells and normal cells, causing increasingly severe adverse reactions. Today, reducing the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs has become an urgent challenge in cancer treatment. FENG et al. [42] first found that Rg5 significantly enhanced the antitumor effects of chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX), paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (TXT), docetaxel (TXT), and doxorubicin (DOX) in MDR cell lines A2780/Tand A549/T at non-cytotoxic concentrations, without affecting the toxicity of sensitive cells. Rg5 overcomes ABCB1transporter-mediated chemoresistance and improves the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs, suggesting that Rg5 may be a good candidate for the treatment of MDR.

3. 2抗アレルギーおよび抗炎症作用

In 2015, AHN et al. [43] used 人間みずみずしい素肌and macrophages to evaluate the anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) effects of the rare ginsenosides Rg5/Rk1 in 体外in order to verify the anti-ADeffects of the rare ginsenosides Rg5/Rk1. Keratinocytes and macrophages produce different chemokines and cytokines that are considered to be key regulatory factors in the pathogenesis of AD. It was found that the expression of chemokines and cytokines was enhanced when stimulated by TNF-α/IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pretreatment with Rg5/Rk1 attenuated NF-κB/p38 MAPK/STAT1 signaling, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in macrophages. In addition, TNF-α/IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide-induced chemokines and cytokines were significantly inhibited.

Rg5/Rk1 was found to strongly inhibit NF-κB/p38 MAPK/STAT1 シグナリングand the mRNA and protein expression of keratinocytes and macrophages, suggesting that this compound has potential anti-AD effects. In order to evaluate the anti-allergic ギンセノシドrg5の効果and its metabolites, ginsenoside Rg5 was orally administered and intraperitoneally injected, and it was found that both were effective in inhibiting the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) of ネズミcaused by IgEantigen complexes. In addition, they had an anti-inflammatory effect on TAP-induced mouse ear inflammation. Pharmacological activity studies have shown that oral administration of ginsenoside Rg5 can effectively reduce IgE-induced allergic symptoms such as rhinitis and asthma [44]. Ginsenoside Rg5 can also improve inflammatory skin diseases such as contact dermatitis or psoriasis [45].

LEE et al. [46] studied the anti-inflammatory effect of ginsenoside Rg5 in BV2microglialcells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and its molecular mechanism. The results showed that Rg5 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production and promoted TNF-α secretion. In addition, Rg5 inhibited the mRNA expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1 β, COX-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression, and may provide effective treatment for various neuroinflammatory diseases. LEE et al. [47] prepared rare saponins Rk1 and Rg5 by steaming ginsenoside Rd at 120 °C for 3 h and used them to treat sepsis caused by cecal ligation and puncture. The results showed that they could effectively reduce mortality and tissue damage in the body. The study found that Rk1 and Rg5 may treat sepsis by inhibiting HMGB1 secretion and the expression of HMGB1 receptors. The survival rate of diseased mice was significantly improved after treatment. This indicates that Rk1 and Rg5 can be used to treat severe vascular inflammatory diseases such as sepsis and 敗血症shock.

3.3神経系への影響

ギンセノシドrg5は、アルツハイマー病の治療に有益なギンセノシドの主要な活性モノマーである#39; s病気[47]。研究によると、rg5はマウスの記憶障害、認知機能障害を有意に阻害し、学習と記憶を改善する。2017年、choiら[49]は、熱ストレスがht22海馬細胞の周期停止を引き起こし、さらにht22細胞の損傷を引き起こし、記憶関連分子を活性化および減少させることを発見した。rg5は神経保護作用を有する天然化合物であり、酸化ストレスや熱ストレスによる認知障害を調節することができる。データによると、スコポラミンは、アルツハイマー病と同様の症状で、健康な若者に記憶障害を引き起こす可能性があります' sです.スコポラミンは、コリン作動性系に作用します,アルツハイマーの機能損失に関連しています's disease in patients with dementia, causing damage to it. Ginseng saponins Rg5 とRh3may protect against memory deficits by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity, increasing neurotrophic factor expression, and activating the binding of cAMP response factor and protein [50]. In order to explore the effects of ginsenoside Rg5 and other ginsenosides on ethanol-induced memory impairment in mice, the passive avoidance crossing method was used to stimulate memory in mice with electric shocks. The results showed that ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1 and other ginsenosides have a significant effect on improving memory impairment symptoms and have a cognitive enhancing effect [3].

Depression, also known as depressive disorder, is clinically manifested as low mood and slowed movements. In recent years, with the increase in work pressure and the accelerated pace of life, the prevalence of depression has been rising year by year. In 2017, it was found that Rg5 has an antidepressant effect in mice by regulating the activity of the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor シグナリングpathway, which provides ideas for the development of new antidepressants with higher efficacy and fewer side effects.

3. 4  t効果

Since the 1980s, ginseng has been used in China to treat cardiovascular disease, but the mechanism of action was not clear at the time. Recent studies have shown [52] that Rg5 acts as a new natural agonist of IGF-1R in the vascular system, improving hypertension, promoting 血管新生and vasodilation. Rg5 activates multiple シグナリングpathways by promoting angiogenesis, reduces blood pressure through vasodilation, and has a significant repair effect on new blood vessels and endothelial function. The use of Rg5 to treat cardiovascular diseases caused by endothelial dysfunction (such as ischemia or hypertension) is of positive significance. Osteoblast differentiation markers include alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content, calcium deposition and mineralization. After being stimulated by various 成長and differentiation factors, cells differentiate into mature osteoblasts after going through a development cycle. Studies have shown that Rg5 / Rk1 stimulates cell 成長and differentiation by increasing ALP activity, collagen synthesis and the formation of mineralized nodules. The marked increase in osteoblast differentiation markers indicates that Rg5/Rk1 促進osteoblast growth and differentiation in an in vitro system. This suggests that the use of Rg5/Rk1 may enhance bone development and prevent bone metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis, and may help in the development of new therapeutic drugs [53].

3.5効果がある点

In addition, ginsenoside Rg5糖尿病、肝臓および腎臓の毒性、およびホワイトニングに対する効果について研究されています。ponnurajら[54]は、rk1 / rg5化合物の治療によってigf-2r受容体の結合部位が増加し、グルコース吸収が増強され、糖尿病の治療に役割を果たすchop-mediated signaling経路を通じてインスリン感受性と応答が改善されることを発見した。ギンセノシドrg5はまた、シスプラチンによって誘発される腎毒性をマウスで改善することによって、腎臓に対する保護効果を高めることができます(酸化ストレスの減少、炎症およびアポトーシスの抑制など)[10]。これにより、プラチナ化合物のがん治療への臨床応用が広がります。同時に、rg5はアセトアミノフェン(apap)の過剰使用によって引き起こされる急性肝不全に対しても一定の薬理作用を有する[30]。その優れた薬理効果に加えて、ギンセノシドrg5は美容にも良い結果を示しています。2018年、jinら[55]は高麗人参の美白活性を評価した。ヒトの皮膚とゼブラフィッシュの胚を実験材料として用い、サンプルのホワイトニング効果を試験した。その結果、ギンセノシドのrg5 / rk1がmek-erkシグナル伝達経路を活性化することで美白効果を示すことが分かりました。黒参エキスの美白効果を初めて実証した研究だ。

4討論

Ginseng is a natural herb commonly used in China and Korea. It has been used for thousands of years in Asia as a medicine to prevent disease and prolong life. Ginseng saponins are the main active ingredients isolated from ginseng. As a secondary rare ginseng saponin, ginsenoside Rg5 is present in low concentrations in ginseng, making it difficult to prepare. 研究on its pharmacological activity has not been widely conducted. Therefore, more detailed and in-depth research on the preparation, isolation, pharmacological analysis, structure-activity relationship and clinical application of ginsenoside Rg5 monomers is of great reference value for the research and development of new drugs. Ginsenoside Rg5 has a variety of biological activities and pharmacological effects. With the current emphasis on the production and application of natural medicines, the development and utilization of ginsenoside Rg5 will become another hotspot in the research of traditional Chinese medicine.

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